Treatment of Apnea and Excessive Periodic Breathing in the Full-Term Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Dorothy H. Kelly ◽  
Daniel C. Shannon
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Average Serum

Twenty-two full-term infants, aged 0 to 6 weeks, with a history of unexplained apnea and respiratory abnormalities on pneumogram recordings, were treated with theophylline (average dose 7.5 mg/kg/day and average serum level 11 µg/ml). Subsequent recordings showed a significant decrease in the amount of periodic breathing (14.3% vs 0.7%) and apnea 10 to 14.9 seconds (12.8 vs 1.0/100 min) when compared to the initial pneumogram. It is concluded that theophylline therapy in this group of infants will result in a reduction of apnea and periodic breathing.

Round Table Discussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
HEYWORTH N. SANFORD ◽  
J. HAROLD ROOT ◽  
R. H. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Premature Infant ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Round Table ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Round Table Discussion ◽  
Premature Births ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant

Chairman Sanford: Dr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of Health of Chicago, organized 12 years ago the "Chicago Premature Plan." This consists in registering all premature infants with the City Health Department within a few hours after birth. The premature infant who is born at home, or in a hospital that does not have adequate premature care, is transported in an oxygenated incubator ambulance to a hospital which specializes in such care. From 1936 to 1947 premature infant deaths in Chicago have been lowered 6½%. The full term infant death rate during the same period has been lowered about 3%. Inasmuch as the premature death rate has been lowered about double that of the full term infant rate, we believe this procedure has been the cause of reduction. In 1936 there were 47,000 live births in Chicago. In 1947 there were 82,000, or an increase of 80%. In this number the full term infants increased from 45% to 60%, whereas the premature infants increased from 2000 to over 5000, or about 140% increase of premature infants born in Chicago during the last 10 years. This adds a considerable increase to the number of infants for our available premature infants beds. Where formerly we planned 5 premature births to each 100 full term births, we now find that prematures have increased to 8 per 100 full term infants. Causes of prematurity are multiple births, toxemia, heart disease, syphilis, tuberculosis, infections, accidents, premature separation of the placenta and abnormalities of the reproduction tract. It is generally understood that there is a tendency for more premature births among the Negro race than the white race.

Periodic Apnea in the Full-Term Infant: Individual Consistency, Sex Differences, and State Specificity

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Waite ◽  
Evelyn B. Thoman
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Consistency

The occurrence of periodic apnea (apnea during periodic breathing) was studied in 27 normal, full-term infants during the first five weeks of life. The rate and mean length of apnea were analyzed both with respect to sleep state and with respect to respiratory pattern, ie, periodic vs nonperiodic breathing. The rate of apnea was found to vary according to sleep state and the pattern of breathing. The highest apnea rates were non-periodic apneas in active sleep. Periodic apnea rates were relatively low in both active and quiet sleep; however, this type of apnea was consistently observed from weeks 2 through 5. The proportion of apneas that are periodic is much higher in quiet sleep than in active sleep. Rates of periodic and nonperiodic apnea were more consistently correlated in active sleep than in quiet sleep. The mean length of periodic apnea was found to be significantly greater than the mean length of nonperiodic apnea in both sleep states, a difference that reflected a greater positive skew in the distribution of the nonperiodic apnea lengths. This variation in length between periodic and nonperiodic apnea explains, in part, the increased mean length in quiet sleep compared with active sleep. There were significant individual differences over weeks in both forms of apnea in active sleep and in quiet sleep. Female infants were observed to have higher rates of nonperiodic apnea than male infants in active sleep, although no significant differences in the distribution of lengths were obtained.

Polygraphic Studies of Normal Infants During the First Six Months of Life: III. Incidence of Apnea and Periodic Breathing

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toke Hoppenbrouwers ◽  
Joan E. Hodgman ◽  
R. M. Harper ◽  
Elvira Hofmann ◽  
M. B. Sterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Active Sleep ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Newborn Period ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Waking State ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Second Period

The incidence of apnea and periodic breathing was studied in full-term infants between birth and 6 months of age. Apnea was defined as a pause equal to or exceeding six seconds, periodic breathing as two cessations of breathing within a 20-second period, each equal to or longer than three seconds but less than six seconds. Sleep and cardiopulmonary variables were monitored. Apnea was common in the normal full-term infant. The incidence of apnea was highest in the newborn period and apneas exceeding 15 seconds were limited to this age. A reduction in apnea incidence occurred between birth and 3 months of age; thereafter, the incidence remained unchanged. The majority of apneas occurred during active sleep (AS). Few minutes were classified as indeterminate; the number of apneas during these minutes was comparable to those during AS. The incidence of apneas during quiet sleep was low. Periodic breathing remained stable across the ages, occurring primarily in AS. Apnea exceeding 15 seconds is rare in infancy. The tabulation of shorter apnea may be of limited value in identifying infants at risk for abnormal apnea due to extreme variability among infants. The sleep-waking state of the infants must be considered in order to evaluate apnea counts.

scholarly journals Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Andrew ◽  
B Paes ◽  
R Milner ◽  
M Johnston ◽  
L Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein S ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
Coagulation Tests ◽  
C1 Esterase Inhibitor Protein

The investigation of many hemostatic defects in the newborn is limited by the lack of normal reference values. This study was designed to determine the postnatal development of the human coagulation system in the healthy full-term infant. Consecutive mothers of healthy full-term infants born at St JosePh′s Hospital in the city of Hamilton were approached for consent. One hundred eighteen full-term infants (37 to 42 week's gestational age) were entered into the study. Demographic information and a 2-mL blood sample were obtained in the postnatal period on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Between 40 and 79 full-term infants were studied on each day for each of the coagulation tests. Plasma was fractionated and stored at -70 degrees C for batch assaying of the following tests: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin clotting time, and factor assays (biologic): fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, and high- molecular weight kininogen. Factor XIII subunits A and S, von Willebrand factor, and the inhibitors antithrombin III, alpha 2- antiplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C1 esterase inhibitor, protein C, and protein S were measured immunologically. Plasminogen, prekallikrein, and heparin cofactor II were measured by using chromogenic substrates. The large number of infants studied at each time point allowed us to determine the following: the range of normal for each test at five time points in the postnatal period; that coagulation tests vary with the postnatal age of the infant; that different coagulation factors show different postnatal patterns of maturation; and that near-adult values are achieved for most components by 6 months of life. In summary, this large cohort of infants studied consecutively in the postnatal period allowed us to determine the normal development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant.

Premie Nipples: A Potential Aspiration Hazard

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
Robert G. Scherz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
Retail Outlets

Nipples for dispensing milk to infants are sold throughout the United States and Canada in a diversity of retail outlets. The nipples have been designed in a variety of forms to include soft nipples for premature infants. The nipples for premature infants tend to be of thinner stock and more pliable than nipples designed for full-term infants. Although the nipples may well have labeling indicating that they have been prepared for premature infants, the adult who purchases them may not recognize that difference when they are displayed in an area that also provides standard nipples. The use of nipples designed for premature infants may present an aspiration hazard if they are used by a full-term infant.

scholarly journals Development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Andrew ◽  
B Paes ◽  
R Milner ◽  
M Johnston ◽  
L Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein S ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
Coagulation Tests ◽  
C1 Esterase Inhibitor Protein

Abstract The investigation of many hemostatic defects in the newborn is limited by the lack of normal reference values. This study was designed to determine the postnatal development of the human coagulation system in the healthy full-term infant. Consecutive mothers of healthy full-term infants born at St JosePh′s Hospital in the city of Hamilton were approached for consent. One hundred eighteen full-term infants (37 to 42 week's gestational age) were entered into the study. Demographic information and a 2-mL blood sample were obtained in the postnatal period on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Between 40 and 79 full-term infants were studied on each day for each of the coagulation tests. Plasma was fractionated and stored at -70 degrees C for batch assaying of the following tests: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin clotting time, and factor assays (biologic): fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, and high- molecular weight kininogen. Factor XIII subunits A and S, von Willebrand factor, and the inhibitors antithrombin III, alpha 2- antiplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C1 esterase inhibitor, protein C, and protein S were measured immunologically. Plasminogen, prekallikrein, and heparin cofactor II were measured by using chromogenic substrates. The large number of infants studied at each time point allowed us to determine the following: the range of normal for each test at five time points in the postnatal period; that coagulation tests vary with the postnatal age of the infant; that different coagulation factors show different postnatal patterns of maturation; and that near-adult values are achieved for most components by 6 months of life. In summary, this large cohort of infants studied consecutively in the postnatal period allowed us to determine the normal development of the human coagulation system in the full-term infant.

Fatal Arrhythmia in a 2-day-old Full-term Infant

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S27-S29
Author(s):  
Wendy Si ◽  
Hoda Karbalivand ◽  
Tomas Havranek
Keyword(s):  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Full Term Infant ◽  
Fatal Arrhythmia

Neonatal Seizures, Intracerebral Hematoma, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Full-Term Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 812-815
Author(s):  
Edward R. Chaplin ◽  
Gary W. Goldstein ◽  
David Norman
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
Neonatal Seizures ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Term Infants

During the first days of life intracranial hemorrhage is a frequent cause of convulsions in the full-term infant.1,2 If spinal fluid is bloody and there is no evidence of asphyxia, infection, or acute metabolic disease, then a presumptive diagnosis of primary subarachnoid hemorrhage is often made.1-3 These infants appear remarkably well in the interictal period, and their outcome is usually good.1,2 Since pathologic confirmation is not available, it has been assumed that bleeding occurs directly into the subarachnoid space and not as an extension of a subdural, intraventricular, or intracerebellar hemorrhage.1,3-5 During a 13-month period at our institution, only four full-term infants had seizures and bloody spinal fluid.

Reduction in Obstructive Breathing Events During Body Rocking: A Controlled Polygraphic Study in Preterm and Full-Term Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
J. Groswasser ◽  
M. Sottiaux ◽  
E. Rebuffat ◽  
T. Simon ◽  
M. Vandeweyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Periodic Breathing ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apneas

Objective. To investigate the effect of body rocking on infant respiratory behavior during sleep. Methods. Eighteen infants with documented obstructive sleep apneas were studied. There were eight premature infants with persistent bradycardias and 10 infants born full-term, admitted after an idiopathic apparent life-threatening event. No cause for the obstructive apneas was found. The infants were recorded with polygraphic techniques during two successive nights. They were randomly assigned to a rocking or a nonrocking mattress. The conditions were reversed the following night, in a crossover design. Results. In both groups of infants, no significant difference was seen between the two consecutive nights for most of the variables studied: total sleep time, the proportion of non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement sleep, the number of arousals, the number and maximal duration of central apneas, the frequency of periodic breathing, the level of oxygen saturation, and heart rate. During the nonrocking nights, all infants had repeated obstructive breathing events. In seven of the eight preterm infants and in nine of the 10 full-term subjects, body rocking was associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of obstructive events. During rocking, in the preterm infants the obstructions fell from a median of 2.5 to 1.8 episodes per hour (P = .034). In the full-term infants, rocking reduced the obstructive events from a median of 1.5 obstructions per hour to 0.7 (P = .005). No difference was seen for the duration of the obstructive episodes. Conclusion. In preterm and full-term infants prone to obstructive sleep apneas, gentle side-to-side body rocking is associated with a significant decrease in the frequency of upper-airway obstructions.

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