scholarly journals Etiological factors in triggering non-specific allergic reactions to tuberculin in cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
A. I. Zavgorodnii ◽  
S. A. Pozmogova ◽  
M. V. Kalashnyk ◽  
A. P. Paliy ◽  
L. V. Plyuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Atypical Mycobacteria ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Specific Reactions

The article presents the results of allergic and bacteriological studies of cattle from a tuberculosis-free farm. The presence of cattle reacting to an allergen from atypical mycobacteria was established in three allergic simultaneous tests during 2019–2020. Based on the results obtained, the causative agent of tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria were not isolated during the bacteriological examination of a biological material from animals slaughtered for diagnostic purposes (n = 17), as well as soil (n = 5) and straw (n = 3) samples. However, microorganisms of the genera Nocardia (n = 2), Rhodococcus (n = 10), and Actinomyces (n = 5) were isolated from the biomaterial according to the results of microscopy, culture and biochemical tests. These microorganisms were also isolated from the soil and straw samples. Short-term non-specific reactions in cattle to mycobacterial allergens were due to the persistence and circulation of the aforementioned microorganisms closely related to mycobacteria. It was determined that the genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus are sensitive to the 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0% solutions of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide. Thus, it is necessary to take into account the epizootic situation as to the presence of nocardioform microorganisms in the herd during routine allergic studies, as well as in case of differentiation between specific reactions and paraallergic and pseudoallergic ones. It is necessary to carry out comprehensive systematic studies of livestock and feed quality assessment. For the purpose of disinfection, glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde at a concentration of 1.0% are effective in destroying microorganisms of the genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus with 3-hour exposure or more.

Elevated CO2, but not defoliation, enhances N cycling and increases short-term soil N immobilization regardless of N addition in a semiarid grassland

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2247-2256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feike A. Dijkstra ◽  
Gordon L. Hutchinson ◽  
Jean D. Reeder ◽  
Daniel R. LeCain ◽  
Jack A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
N Immobilization ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Semiarid Grassland

Short‐term Impacts on Soil‐quality Assessment in Alternative Land Uses of Traditional Paddy Fields in Southern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 534-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Posselt Martins ◽  
Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira Denardin ◽  
José Bernardo Moraes Borin ◽  
Filipe Selau Carlos ◽  
Thiago Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Quality Assessment

The effects of long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on soil nitrogen in the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Glendining ◽  
D. S. Powlson ◽  
P. R. Poulton ◽  
N. J. Bradbury ◽  
D. Palazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Total Soil N

SUMMARYThe Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted (UK) includes plots given the same annual applications of inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer each year since 1852 (48, 96 and 144 kg N/ha, termed N1 N2 and N3 respectively). These very long-term N treatments have increased total soil N content, relative to the plot never receiving fertilizer N (N0), due to the greater return of organic N to the soil in roots, root exudates, stubble, etc (the straw is not incorporated). The application of 144 kg N/ha for 135 years has increased total soil N content by 21%, or 570 kg/ha (0–23 cm). Other plots given smaller applications of N for the same time show smaller increases; these differences were established within 30 years. Increases in total soil N content have been detected after 20 years in the plot given 192 kg N/ha since 1968 (N4).There was a proportionally greater increase in N mineralization. Crop uptake of mineralized N was typically 12–30 kg N/ha greater from the N3 and N4 treatments than the uptake of c. 30 kg N/ha from the N0 treatment. Results from laboratory incubations show the importance of recently added residues (roots, stubble, etc) on N mineralization. In short-term (2–3 week) incubations, with soil sampled at harvest, N mineralization was up to 60% greater from the N3 treatment than from N0. In long-term incubations, or in soil without recently added residues, differences between long-term fertilizer treatments were much less marked. Inputs of organic N to the soil from weeds (principally Equisetum arvense L.) to the N0–N2 plots over the last few years may have partially obscured any underlying differences in mineralization.The long-term fertilizer treatments appeared to have had no effect on soil microbial biomass N or carbon (C) content, but have increased the specific mineralization rate of the biomass (defined as N mineralized per unit of biomass).Greater N mineralization will also increase losses of N from the system, via leaching and gaseous emissions. In December 1988 the N3 and N4 plots contained respectively 14 and 23 kg/ha more inorganic N in the profile (0–100 cm) than the N0 plot, due to greater N mineralization. These small differences are important as it only requires 23 kg N/ha to be leached from Broadbalk to increase the nitrate concentration of percolating water above the 1980 EC Drinking Water Quality Directive limit of 11·3mgN/l.The use of fertilizer N has increased N mineralization due to the build-up of soil organic N. In addition, much of the organic N in Broadbalk topsoil is now derived from fertilizer N. A computer model of N mineralization on Broadbalk estimated that after applying 144 kg N/ha for 140 years, up to half of the N mineralized each year was originally derived from fertilizer N.In the short-term, the amount of fertilizer N applied usually has little direct effect on losses of N over winter. In most years little fertilizer-derived N remains in Broadbalk soil in inorganic form at harvest from applications of up to 192 kg N/ha. However, in two very dry years (1989 and 1990) large inorganic N residues remained at harvest where 144 and 192 kg N/ha had been applied, even though the crop continued to respond to fertilizer N, up to at least 240 kg N/ha.

Anti-Melanoma Monoclonal Antibody 225-28S: Evaluation of Toxicity in Man

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natale Cascinelli ◽  
Angelo Attili ◽  
Filiberto Belli ◽  
Gianluigi Buraggi ◽  
Alberto Turrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Careful Clinical Examination

To investigate possible undesirable effects due to the intravenous administration of a reagent of a xenogenic nature (monoclonal antibody 225-28S) in man, a toxicologic study was carried out on 85 patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Two reagents were tested in this study: purified monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 225-28S and its F(ab')2 fragment. Purified MoAb was labelled with 131I and F(ab')2 fragment with 131I, or 123I, or 111In or 99Tc. The quantity of MoAb or F(ab')2 injected ranged from 14 to 750 μg, and the specific activity from 37.0 to 2116.4 MBq/mg. The total radioactivity injected varied from 25.9 to 891.7 MBq/mg. In addition to a careful clinical examination, the following tests were done to monitor possible adverse effects: blood glucose, azotemia, RBC, WBC, platelet count, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, plasma electrolyte levels, serum proteins, albumin/globulin ratio, serum bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, γGT, and CPK. These tests were done before the injection and on days 7 and 14. No patient experienced adverse general effects like fever, nausea, vomiting or allergic reactions. None of the aforementioned hematometric and biochemical tests showed significant variations compared with the initial values. It is concluded that a single injection of these reagents at the dosages tested is completely atoxic.

scholarly journals Decadal fates and impacts of nitrogen additions on temperate forest carbon storage: a data–model comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2771-2793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Cheng ◽  
Peter G. Hess ◽  
William R. Wieder ◽  
R. Quinn Thomas ◽  
Knute J. Nadelhoffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forest ◽  
15N Tracer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tracer Studies ◽  
N Cycle ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
N Additions

Abstract. To accurately capture the impacts of nitrogen (N) on the land carbon (C) sink in Earth system models, model responses to both N limitation and ecosystem N additions (e.g., from atmospheric N deposition and fertilizer) need to be evaluated. The response of the land C sink to N additions depends on the fate of these additions: that is, how much of the added N is lost from the ecosystem through N loss pathways or recovered and used to increase C storage in plants and soils. Here, we evaluate the C–N dynamics of the latest version of a global land model, the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5), and how they vary when ecosystems have large N inputs and losses (i.e., an open N cycle) or small N inputs and losses (i.e., a closed N cycle). This comparison allows us to identify potential improvements to CLM5 that would apply to simulated N cycles along the open-to-closed spectrum. We also compare the short- (< 3 years) and longer-term (5–17 years) N fates in CLM5 against observations from 13 long-term 15N tracer addition experiments at eight temperate forest sites. Simulations using both open and closed N cycles overestimated plant N recovery following N additions. In particular, the model configuration with a closed N cycle simulated that plants acquired more than twice the amount of added N recovered in 15N tracer studies on short timescales (CLM5: 46±12 %; observations: 18±12 %; mean across sites ±1 standard deviation) and almost twice as much on longer timescales (CLM5: 23±6 %; observations: 13±5 %). Soil N recoveries in simulations with closed N cycles were closer to observations in the short term (CLM5: 40±10 %; observations: 54±22 %) but smaller than observations in the long term (CLM5: 59±15 %; observations: 69±18 %). Simulations with open N cycles estimated similar patterns in plant and soil N recovery, except that soil N recovery was also smaller than observations in the short term. In both open and closed sets of simulations, soil N recoveries in CLM5 occurred from the cycling of N through plants rather than through direct immobilization in the soil, as is often indicated by tracer studies. Although CLM5 greatly overestimated plant N recovery, the simulated increase in C stocks to recovered N was not much larger than estimated by observations, largely because the model's assumed C:N ratio for wood was nearly half that suggested by measurements at the field sites. Overall, results suggest that simulating accurate ecosystem responses to changes in N additions requires increasing soil competition for N relative to plants and examining model assumptions of C:N stoichiometry, which should also improve model estimates of other terrestrial C–N processes and interactions.

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