scholarly journals Specifics of bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 422-430
Author(s):  
Petro S. Voitkiv ◽  
Yevhen A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Virgin Forest ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Molecular Ratios

Material composition is one of the most vital components of soil analysis and it which allows to determine the bulk or elemental composition, to get an insight into the total content of chemical elements per the genetic horizons of a soil profile against the soilforming rock, and to identify the direction of soil formation processes, that is, to establish the genesis of soils. The study objective supposed both the identification of bulk chemical composition (BCC) specifics peculiar to cambisols (acc. the WRB) located beneath different virgin forest ecosystems and the change caused by the composition of soil-forming rock, specifics of mountainous terrain and climatic conditions. The study subject is cambisol of virgin (beech and coniferous) ecosystems formed at the eluvium-deluvium flysch with prevailing sandstones, argillites and siltstones. The study scope is bulk chemical composition of beech and coniferous forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians and its transformation. Comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, analytical and statistical methods have been used accounting for the above objective. The bulk chemical composition has been determined under the method devised by E.V. Arinushkina. Recalculations and ratios have been used to analyse data on the bulk chemical composition of soils. Our article provides the results of the study of bulk chemical composition of cambisols located beneath beech and the coniferous virgin forests. Changes occurred in this, one of the most conservative, soil substance, under the influence of phytocenotic diversity of virgin forest ecosystems and soil species, are analysed, the nature and direction of changes as well as their main regularities are identified. Molecular ratios for the genetic soil horizons are calculated since they testify the removal of elements outside the soil profile boundaries and are the main factor used to assess the direction of cambisols soil-forming process. The article considers the content of constitutional water and the ratio of change in the siliceous soil part. Results obtained allow suggesting intrinsic weathering in the soils under study. Major reasons of changes in the bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols are caused by the character of vegetation, its aggressiveness with respect to the soil mineral content, by climatic features that affect processes of soil formation in mountainous areas depending on the vertical zonality, and by the composition of soil-forming rocks being the substrate for the studied soils. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 oxides form the predominant bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Their total content ranges from 65.59 to 87.56 %. The mineral base of virgin forest cambisols is SiO2 and its content in virgin forest cambisols amounts up to 63.46 - 75.03 %, Al2O3 sesquioxide content is 13.16 - 17.14 %, Fe2O3 content is 4.25 - 6.83 %. Molecular ratios in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests postulate the removal of sesquioxides out from a soil profile. For instance, the ratios of SiO2/Fe2O3 in beech virgin forests cambisols are 42.8 - 44.61 and they decrease sharply at the soil profile bottom to 26.35, i.e. the removal of Fe2O3 sesquioxide out from a soil profile is observed. The molar ratio of SiO2/R2O3 in cambisols located beneath coniferous virgin forests is narrower than in beech virgin forest cambisols and amounts up to 5.64 - 5.81, which is due to the lower content of SiO2 oxide and higher number of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 sesquioxides. The analysis of leach factor indices shows that leaching of Calcium and Magnesium oxides is observed in these soils. However, leaching in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is less intense than in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests. Leaching of Sodium and Potassium oxides in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is minor, and in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests is weakly expressed.

scholarly journals Bulk chemical composition of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians and processes of its transformation

2017 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Andrii Barannyk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metals ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Homogeneity ◽  
Aluminum Oxides ◽  
Bulk Chemical

The features of the bulk chemical composition of mountainous meadowy brown soils and anthropogenically-modified soils of the Svydovets and Chornogora arrays of the Ukrainian Carpathians are investigated. The ratio of the oxides content of the most important chemical elements of the mineral part of mountainous meadowy brown soils and parent material is determined. The basic transformation processes of the mineral part of the studied soils and parent material are established. The peculiarity of the bulk chemical composition of meadow brown soils is the high content of silicon oxides, and the high content of aluminum oxides and iron oxides. Their total content is within 94 %. This indirectly indicates a significant chemical homogeneity of the soil with the parent material. The relative accumulation of SiO2 in the upper genetic horizons of the soil profile is due to the physical disintegration of silicate rocks. Its relative bulk content is gradually reduced from 76.10–77.43 % to 72.28–76.93 % in the transition to a parent material. It was established, that the removal of sesquioxides beyond the boundary of the soil profile leads to the formation of a depleted soil profile on aluminum oxides and iron oxides, as we compare with unchanged parent material. Absolute values of the indicators of leakage factor of alkaline earth metals grow in the direction towards to the parent material. This indicates about intensive development of erosion processes in the upper part of the soil profile. This is due to the physical and chemical disintegration of aluminosilicates and the removal of compounds of disintegration into the lower soil genetic horizons. The analysis of the results of balance of bulk reserves of oxides testified, that during the formation of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians, oxides of trivalent metals (aluminum and iron) and compounds of alkaline earth metals are subjected to removal from the genetic horizons of the soil profile. Quantitative bulk chemical analysis didn’t show any significant differences in the material composition between the mountainous meadowy brown soils and the mountainous meadowy brown anthropogenically altered soil. Key words: mountainous meadow brown soils, bulk chemical composition, Svydovets and Chornogora arrays, Ukrainians Carpathians.

scholarly journals Synrift sandstones and clayey rocks: bulk chemical composition and location on a number of discriminant paleogeodynamic diagrams

2019 ◽  
pp. 439-465
Author(s):  
A. V. Maslov ◽  
V. N. Podkovyrov ◽  
E. Z. Gareev ◽  
A. D. Nozhkin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
East European ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Clayey Rocks ◽  
Active Continental Margins

The bulk chemical composition of synrift sandstones and associated clayey rocks has been analized, and the distribution of the fields they form has been studied on discriminant paleogeodynamic SiO2K2O/Na2O [Roser, Korsch, 1986] and DF1DF2 [Verma, Armstrong-Altrin, 2013] diagrams. The studied sandstones in terms of bulk chemical composition mainly correspond to greywacke, lititic, arkose and subarkose psammites; Sublitites and quartz arenites are also found. A significant part in the analyzed data massif consists of psammites, in which log(Na2O/K2O)-1.0; missing on the Pettijohn classification chart. This confirms our conclusion, based on the results of mineralogical and petrographic studies, that the sedimentary infill of rift structures unites immature sandstones, the detrital framework of which was formed due to erosion of local sources, represented by various magmatic and sedimentary formations. Synrift clayey rocks, compared with sandstones, are composed of more mature fine-grained siliciclastics. As follows from the distribution of figurative data points of clayey rocks on the F1F2 diagram [Roser, Korsch, 1988], its sources were mainly sedimentary deposits. The content of most of the main rock-forming oxides in the synrift sandstones is almost the same as in silt-sandstone rocks present in the Upper Precambrian-Phanerozoic sedimentary mega-complex of the East European Plate, but at the same time differs significantly from the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic cratonic sediments, as well as from the average composition upper continental crust. It is shown that the distribution of the fields of syntift sandstones and clayey rocks on the SiO2K2O/Na2O diagram does not have any distinct features, and their figurative data points are localized in the areas of terrigenous rocks of passive and active continental margins. On the DF1DF2 diagram, the fields of the studied psammites and clayey rocks are located in areas of riftogenous and collisional environments. We have proposed a different position of the border between these areas in the diagram, which will require further verification.

The preparation of silicate compositions by a gelling method

1968 ◽  
Vol 36 (282) ◽  
pp. 832-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Hamilton ◽  
C. M. B. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Bulk Chemical

SummaryA method for the preparation of chemically homogeneous powders by a weighing and gelling technique is described in detail. Stress is placed on the importance of the weight yield as an indication of the bulk chemical composition and on the chemical analysis of several portions to test the homogeneity. A list of recommended chemicals is included in an appendix.

scholarly journals A Particle-into-Liquid Collector for Rapid Measurement of Aerosol Bulk Chemical Composition

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 718-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Weber ◽  
D. Orsini ◽  
Y. Daun ◽  
Y.-N. Lee ◽  
P. J. Klotz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Rapid Measurement ◽  
Bulk Chemical

Internal structure and bulk chemical composition of Io: a pre-Galileo prediction

1996 ◽  
Vol 213 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J.R. Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Bulk Chemical

Alluvial Soil Chronosequence in the Inner Coastal Plain, Central Virginia

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Howard ◽  
Dan F. Amos ◽  
W. Lee Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Late Middle Miocene ◽  
Bulk Chemical

AbstractA chronological sequence of soils formed on a series of alluvial depositional surfaces ranging in age from late-middle Miocene to late Pleistocene was characterized to clarify soil-geomorphic relations and provide a basis for allostratigraphic subdivision of the inner Coastal Plain. On Quaternary river terraces, Ultic Hapludalfs containing abundant weatherable mineral species and clast types are estimated to have formed in 60,000-120,000 yr, whereas Typic Hapludults greatly depleted in weatherable minerals and showing strong weathering of clast types are estimated to be 700,000-1,600,000 yr old. Typic Paleudults with incipient plinthite, duripan, and ferricrete development characterize interfluves that have been little eroded since early Pliocene time (3.4-5.3 myr ago). Typic-Plinthic Paleudults with intense weathering of siliceous clasts and moderate to strong duripan and ferricrete development are found on surfaces that formed near the beginning of late Miocene time (10.8-13.0 myr ago). Chemical weathering in the chronosequence may be classified into three progressive stages: (1) decomposition of unstable sand- and silt-sized minerals into a mixed (stable + unstable) clay-mineral suite (stable Fe + Al/Si bulk chemical composition, < 106 yr); (2) transformation of mixed clay-mineral suite into a stable suite (increasing Fe + Al/Si bulk chemical composition, 106 - 107 yr); and (3) transformation of stable suite into ultrastable clay-mineral suite (increasing Fe/Si bulk composition, > 107 yr). Not all soil properties show unidirectional development, nor is a steady state of pedon development observed even after approximately 107 yr of chemical weathering. Soil development in the chronosequence is episodic. The transition from one phase to the next is marked by a change in rate, and sometimes a reversal in the direction, of development of one or more soil properties.

scholarly journals Geology and Geochemical Assessment of Maastrichtian Coal Quality in Abocho area, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
A. A. Zakari ◽  
B. S. Jatau
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Geologic Mapping ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Anambra Basin ◽  
Bulk Chemical

Detailed geologic mapping and geochemical analysis of coal samples around Abocho area, northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria was conducted in order to assess the quality of the coals in the area. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out on coal samples from the Mamu Formation to determine its chemical characteristics.  Physical analysis was also carried out on the coal samples to determine the specific gravity, density and hardness. Geochemical analysis was also carried out on the associated rocks in the study area (Abocho), particularly Shales and Clays to determine their major oxides composition. The area is composed of the Maastrichtian Mamu Formation overlain by the Ajali Sandstone of the same age both dipping between 16°E and 19°E. The geologic mapping of Abocho area revealed two mappable lithologic units: The Mamu Formation and the Ajali Sandstone. The Proximate analyses indicates that the coal contains an average 7.15%, 35.53%, 36.24% of moisture content, volatile matter and fixed carbon respectively. These burns to generate 4,339 kcal/kg calorific value with 20.80% ash yield. The result of the ultimate analysis shows 57.81% organic carbon, 4.15% hydrogen, 8.41% oxygen, 1.39% nitrogen and 0.3% Sulphur. The physical analysis revealed that, the coal has an average specific gravity of 1.5g/cm, average density of 1.4g/cm3 and average hardness of 1.2. These characteristics qualify the coal to be ranked as high volatile sub-bituminous to marginal lignite. The coal is thus, suitable for combustion, gasification, electric power generation and industrial uses. Geochemical results show that the Shale contains 60% Silica (SiO2) and 26%Alumina (Al2O3) constituting 86% of bulk chemical composition. The Clay contains 70% Silica (SiO2) and 25% Alumina (Al2O3), constituting 95% of bulk chemical composition. The occurrences of CaO, NaO and K2O which are the major component of feldspar in clay suggests the clay to be of granitic origin possibly from Oban massif, east of the Anambra Basin. It also suggests low feldspar content.

scholarly journals The ore minerals of the Ilímaussaq intrusion: their mode of occurrence and their conditions of formation

1978 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
S Karup-Møller
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermodynamic Data ◽  
Phase Correlation ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Bulk Chemical Composition ◽  
Native Iron ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Mode Of Occurrence ◽  
Bulk Chemical ◽  
Hydrothermal Veins

On the basis of their chemical composition, the Ilímaussaq ore minerals in pegmatites and hydrothermal veins have been subdivided into the following four associations: I Pb-Zn-Mo, II Cu-Sb (including two subtypes: IIA Cu-Sb and IIB Cu-Sb-S), III Fe-As and IV Fe-Ni-As-Sb. Accessory rock-forming ore minerals have been studied in heavy mineral concentrates isolated from the augite syenite and from the following agpaitic rocks: alkali granite, sodalite foyaite, naujaite, green lujavrite, medium- to coarse-grained lujavrite and black, red and white kakortokites. The ore minerals comprise sulphides (galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, troilite, marcasite, pyrite, chaIcopyrite and djerfisherite), native elements (tin, lead and iron), aIloys (seinäjokite [FeSb2] and unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase), arsenides (westerveldite and loeIlingite) and one antimonide (gudmundite). Oxides of iron, titanium and chromium have been identified. Native iron, native tin, unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase, decomposed wüstite and chromite may represent contaminated material. Some of the accessory rock forming ore minerals form two additional associations: V Fe-Cu and VI Fe-Ti-O. The accessory ore minerals in the agpaitic rocks crystallized relatively late compared to the silicate minerals. In the augite syenite the original pyrrhotite and associated chaIcopyrite crystallized from an immiscible sulphide phase. Correlation between accessory rock-forming ore minerals and bulk chemical composition of the major rocks is severely limited due to the lack of chemical data. The ore minerals in the rocks, pegmatites and veins crystallized at low sulphur and oxygen fugacities. The log αS2 and log fO2 ranges are semi-quantitatively estimated on the basis of published thermodynamic data.

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