scholarly journals OIL IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE FUEL MARKET THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2018 ◽  
pp. 441-458
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Oil And Oil Products

Introduction. The change of technical and technological guidelines for the development of domestic industry led to a change in priorities in fuel consumption, clearly manifested in the late XIX – early XX century. Along with firewood and charcoal, fuel oil plays an increasingly active role in the structure of industrial consumption. The rapid growth of oil production, which began in the 1870s, contributed to its rapid advancement in the fuel market. This article analyzes the role of oil in the fuel and energy balance of the territory of the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century. The regional market shows the structure of oil consumption, as well as its importance in the energy supply of industrial enterprises. Materials and Methods. In order to solve the assigned research tasks, archival materials, published data of official statistics, as well as scientific literature were used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and system. The need to process quantitative data led to the use of a statistical method. The application of the modernization theory allowed to include the processes of development of the oil and oil products market in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Despite the instability of the oil and oil products market, which had the nature of wave-like fluctuations, the economy of the Middle Volga region since the 1880s increasingly becoming petroleum. The rapid growth of oil production and refining in the Baku region, which rapidly changed the structure of the fuel market, contributed to the decisive degree of strengthening the “oil” direction in the Russian energy sector of the early 20th century. An important factor was the development of market infrastructure and transport, which ensured the rapid delivery of oil and petroleum products to consumers in the provinces of the Middle Volga region. However, under the influence of a number of factors, the decisive of which was the sharp rise in the cost of fuel oil, there was an increase in the share in the fuel market for hard coal, which became particularly noticeable at the beginning of the second decade of the 20th century. Discussion and Conclusion. In the late XIX – early XX centuries under the influence of the intensifying wave of industrial modernization, the economic structure of the Middle Volga province was transformed, which included more and more industrial features. One of the manifestations of this process was the increase in demand for fuel oil. Until the beginning of the XX century oil in weight terms was ahead of the supply of Donetsk coal, then, under the influence of the excise system spreading to the oil market, as well as price factors expressed in the rapid rise in oil prices, the priority of consumers changed in favor of coal, and in some cases even increasing demand for firewood. True, in the industrial segment of the economy, the ratio of oil and hard coal was approximately equal, with minor fluctuations in one direction or another. In general, the transition to the widespread use of oil in industry contributed to the acceleration of the industrial modernization of the Middle Volga region, the growth of both quantitative and qualitative parameters of the development of factory industry Keywords: oil, oil refining, coal, fuel market, industrial modernization, industry, the Middle Volga region.

scholarly journals Consumption of Agricultural Machinery and Tools in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Provinces of the Middle Volga Region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-375
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. In the late XIX – early XX centuries agricultural engineering in Russia was considered as a tool for solving several important problems. Against the background of the growth of the export potential of Russian agriculture, an increase in its productivity was considered as a way of obtaining foreign currency funds necessary for settlements on international financial obligations. At the same time, the task of increasing the production of agricultural machinery could not be fully resolved without an increase in demand for it. Therefore, the large-scale agrarian transformations undertaken at the beginning of the 20th century assumed assistance to the peasants in the technical re-equipment of their farms. The preservation of manual labor and archaic methods of agricultural production at the beginning of the 20th century became a threat that could nullify all reform efforts. This article will attempt to determine the extent of consumption of agricultural machinery and implements in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries based on the use of statistical materials on the provinces of the Middle Volga region. Materials and Methods. In solving the research problems, archival materials, published data of official statistics, and also scientific literature were used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made by the methods of socio-economic history. The study was conducted on the basis of the principles of historicism, objectivity and systematic. The need for quantitative data processing led to the use of the statistical method. The digital data presented in the work received a graphical interpretation and were visualized in the form of diagrams. The application of modernization theory allowed the inclusion of the growth processes of the technical equipment of agriculture in the trend of industrial modernization. Results. Based on a study of archival and published sources, as well as available scientific literature on the topic, a dynamic analysis of the scale of agricultural machinery consumption was carried out in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The study showed a fairly significant increase in this indicator both in Russia as a whole and in relation to the provinces of the Middle Volga region. At the same time, uneven technical equipment of agriculture was revealed in relation to different provinces. The main factors hindering the introduction of agricultural machinery in agricultural practice are considered. Discussion and Conclusion. The above data quite definitely allow us to talk about the growth in the use of agricultural machinery and improved tools in the Middle Volga region at the beginning of the 20th century. However, in relation to different provinces, these dynamics had very significant differences. It looked the most rapid in the Samara and Saratov provinces. It was much less noticeable in the Penza, Simbirsk and Kazan provinces. Such high rates in the Samara and Saratov provinces are due to the active spread of intensive agriculture, which provided for a high level of mechanization of labor. Passing to the expanded production of a market type, the farmers actively introduced agronomic and technical innovations. However, the technological revolution in agriculture did not cover all producers, far more affecting those who went beyond the communal regime and moved into the category of rural private owners. Among the factors that slowed down the implementation of machines, one can single out the conservatism of the peasant consciousness, the inertia of traditions in the practice of farming, the insufficient technical literacy of the peasantry, which made it difficult to maintain and repair complex machines, their high cost, low purchasing power of rural residents, etc. All this not only hindered the development of agriculture, but also significantly restrained the processes of early industrial modernization of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Industrial Injuries in the industry of the Middle Volga Region at the Beginning of the XX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-128
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Industrial Worker ◽  
Industrial Environment ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
Industrial Injuries

Introduction. Early industrial modernization, which entered the active phase at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, gave rise to a new reality, which significantly changed the position of man. The facets of this new reality were very different. In the article we will focus on one of them – the influence of the growing industrial environment on one of the main actors of industrialization, the industrial worker. The main objective of this work is to track the dynamics of accidents in the industry of the provinces of the Middle Volga region (Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk and Penza) at the beginning of the 20th century, and also to identify how it correlated with changes in the most important indicators of industrial development – the number of workers and the number of factories and plants. Consideration of these parameters will allow to obtain new arguments in considering the effectiveness and efficiency of measures taken by the factory inspection and authorities aimed at strengthening the activities of the owners and administration of industrial enterprises to ensure safety and sanitary standards, as well as neutralizing the harmful effects of the industrial environment on the health of workers. Methods. To solve the set tasks, we used elements of the methods of socio-economic analysis, which allowed us to consider the object of study in the context of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on it. In the work, methods of information-statistical analysis were used, the results of which were visualized using a graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. The use of modernization theory made it possible to integrate the processes under consideration into the trend of industrial modernization, considering it at the level of subprocesses of a socio-economic type. Results. Based on the analysis of official statistics, the dynamics of changes in the intensity of industrial injuries in the factories and plants of the Middle Volga, supervised by the factory inspection was revealed. The tendency of a rather substantial increase in the total number of accidents with a simultaneous decrease in mortality among workers was revealed. It is shown that the growth of industrial injuries was disproportionately high compared with the change in two important indicators of industrial development: the number of industrial enterprises and the number of workers. The largest scale of industrial injuries was observed in the Saratov and Samara provinces, which generally corresponds to their relatively higher level of industrial development. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of occupational injuries statistics in the factories of the Middle Volga region, subordinated to the supervision of the factory inspection, clearly showed that the acceleration of the processes of early industrial modernization observed at the beginning of the 20th century posed new threats to the life and health of workers. Basically, they were technogenic in nature and were directly related to a new round of scientific and technological progress, the result of which was an increase in the scale of production and labor intensity, which increased the danger of work-related injuries and the growth of occupational diseases. Among other factors that aggravated the situation, one can note the low level of qualification of workers, their non-observance of labor discipline, as well as the lack of efforts on the part of the owners and administration of industrial enterprises in the field of labor protection.

scholarly journals LAWS AND INTERESTS: Factory Inspection Relationships with Owners and the Administration of Industrial Enterprises of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century (Based on Materials from the Middle Volga Region)

2018 ◽  
pp. 409-428
Author(s):  
Andrey E. Makushev
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
State Management ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
Middle Volga

Introduction. Factory inspection was one of the key institutions that influenced the industrial development of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The factory inspection, closely integrated into the state management system, went through several stages of its formation and development. Being at the very center of social contradictions within the framework of an increasingly acute “work issue”, the factory inspectorate was often criticized by various political forces, as well as by entrepreneurs and the public. Research methods. The range of applied research methods when considering this topic is determined by the intersection of several subject areas: social, economic and legal. In order to reflect all the complexities of their interaction, the methods of socio-institutional analysis were used. The use of the modernization theory made it possible to include the approval of factory-labor legislation in Russia in the trend of industrial modernization. The method of micro-history allows you to see the specific practice of the relationship of factory inspection with the owners and administration of industrial enterprises. Results. In this article, based on the study of predominantly archival sources, an analysis was made of the activities of factory inspection of the provinces of the Middle Volga region in the beginning of the 20th century in the context of confrontation with entrepreneurs, the essence of which was the desire to oblige them to comply with the norms and rules of factory labor legislation. As the study showed, it was not unclouded, it raised many questions and controversial issues, often caused by the frank reluctance of the owners and administrations of industrial enterprises to comply with the requirements of factory-labor legislation, and in some cases the insufficient functioning of the factory’s institute inspection, as well as mechanisms for its implementation. Discussion and conclusion. As the study shows, carrying out mediation in resolving labor disputes and conflicts between workers and entrepreneurs, factory inspectors became essentially the main actors in the formation of the legal space in the sphere of industrial production in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Gradually, they became an effective force that could resist the desire of the owners and management of enterprises to preserve the so-called “old factory orders”, where the decisive role was played not by the “letter of the law”, but by the will of the owner and a well-established custom. The way in which the new practice of production and labor relations was successfully implemented largely depended on the personality of the factory inspector, on his principledness and desire to resist the entrepreneurs and the administration of factories in their desire not to comply with the norms of factory labor legislation. Keywords: industry, actory inspection, workers, entrepreneurs, Middle Volga region, factory labor legislation

Traditions of Guardianship and Charity through Organization of District Libraries

2010 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Tatyana M. Guseva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with not well studied problem of the class societies’ participation in the development of librarianship in the chief towns of the Middle Volga Region. In the second half of the 19th century the initiative of libraries’ opening often come from the citizens. They created the trustee committees, whose members served the librarianship for free, donated books, money, and actively participated in the organizing of charitable performances.

REFLECTION OF ETHNOCULTURAL INTERACTION IN THE MICROTOPONYMICS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.V. Myznikova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Middle Volga

The microtoponymy of the Middle Volga region is of particular interest to the author because of the polyethnic and multilingual environment. It is a region of cohabitation of Slavic, Turkic and Finno-Ugric population groups. The facts of ethnocultural interaction are revealed in substrate microtoponyms, which often have Turkic origins.There are also Finno-Volga substratum elements.Many of them were reinterpreted in Russian language.

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