Production and Optimization of Energy Rich Biofuel through Co-Pyrolysis by Utilizing Mixed Agricultural Residues and Mixed Waste Plastics

Two totally waste products, agricultural residues and mixed plastic wastes collected from domestic and industrial sectors, are used in this study for the recovery of energy rich biofuel and value-added chemicals. The copyrolysis experiments using fixed bed reactor are conducted in order to analyse the synergetic effects. The experimental works are carried out with different proportion of mixed plastics blended with agricultural residues. The reaction temperature and biomass-to-waste plastics ratio on product distributions are studied and addressed. The thermogravimetric analysis conducted at different temperatures clearly distinguished the pyrolysis behaviours of biomass and plastics. The positive synergistic effects defined as higher yield of volatiles compared to predicted yield for bio-oil were identified at particular mixing ratio. Both biomass wastes and plastic wastes show optimal performance of 60.42 wt% oil yield at 60% addition of waste plastics. The oil products obtained under favourable conditions have a higher heating value compared to the oil obtained from biomass pyrolysis. The GC-MS study confirmed that the interaction between biomass and plastics during copyrolysis resulted in decreased oxygenated contents in the oil products.

Electron paramagnetic resonance in organic binder aging in dispersely reinforced substructures

Purpose: To study the intensity of binder aging in organo-mineral mixtures using electron paramagnetic resonance. The aging intensity of the organic binder is provided by its concentration in paramagnetic centers, since asphaltenes are almost one hundred percent of paramagnet concentration and indicate to the aging intensity of the petroleum dispersion system.Approach: Dispersed reinforcement of substructures with chemical fibers made of spent sorbents containing a controlled amount of absorbed oil products allows to partially solve the problem of crack formation and fracture of road pavements designed in accordance with the regulatory documents.Research implications: The service life of substructure made of dispersely reinforced organo-mineral mixtures reduces owing to organic binder aging, which begins at the stage of preparation of organo-mineral mixtures and continues during the substructure operation. Organic binder ageing results in the formation of solvation layers on the surface of mineral materials that become more viscous and brittle.Findings: The substructure dispersed reinforcement with chemical fibers made of spent sorbents containing a controlled amount of absorbed oil products decreases the concentration of paramagnetic centers. This indicates to a decrease in the asphaltene concentration, thereby reducing the aging intensity of the oil dispersion system.

CUSTOMS CLEARANCE OF ENERGY SOURCES IMPORTS

Background. The high share of imported energy resources in the structure of the fuel and energy complex reduces the level of energy security. Ukraine is 85% dependent on imports of petroleum products. In such conditions, it is important to ensure the effective functioning of the Energy Customs of the State Customs Service, which carries out customs control and clearance throughout the customs territory of Ukraine. The analysis of recent research and publications has shown that systematic studies of features of customs control and registration of energy sources are absent. However, scientists have studied the peculiarities of energy moving across the customs border in Ukraine and the EU, the problematic issues of customs formalities for goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine by pipeline. The aim of the article is to study and systematize information on customs clearance of energy sources in Ukraine, identify problematic issues and develop proposals to improve the efficiency of the Energy Customs of the State Customs Service. Materials and methods. The information base contains scientific publications of domestic scientists, normative-legal and legislative base of Ukraine. Methods of analysis and synthesis, scientific generalization and comparison of data from scientific sources are used. Results. The main tasks of the Energy Customs of the State Customs Service in ensuring the implementation of policy in the field of customs are analyzed. The analysis of dynamics of export-import operations with oil products on the market of Ukraine for 2011–2020 is carried out. Proposals have been developed to speed up and simplify customs control of oil products and increase the efficiency of the Energy Customs of the State Customs Service. Conclusion. To increase the efficiency of the Energy Customs, it is necessary to intensify work in the areas of: use of technical means of customs control, installation of weighing systems, introduction of express laboratories to strengthen control and reduce customs clearance time, purchase and use resources of leading price agencies to control customs value of oil products, use of oil products labeling for identification purposes.

Mathematical modeling of a new method of transportation of viscous petroleum products at low air temperatures

High viscosity petroleum products such as fuel oils and cracking residues are widely used as marine and boiler fuels both in Russia and in its exports. Conveying viscous petroleum products at low air temperatures has a high cost due to the unloading and cleaning processes of the transport tanks. Refined petroleum product cools and solidifies during transportation, becoming highly viscous, making it impossible to drain it without preheating to restore fluidity. Emerging difficulties are common to all countries with long winters and geographically wide areas. To justify a new method of rail transport of viscous petroleum products while maintaining their high temperature and fluidity by suppressing the natural convection of the petroleum product at the stage of filling the tanker. Temperature field calculations using the finite element method and the ANSYS R18.2 package are presented. The business process of the proposed transport method is universal for all modes of transportation. Using Petri nets and simulation modelling, it is investigated using the example of cleaning a tank car boiler from highly viscous residual oil products. You must perform these operations periodically during the operation of the tank wagon, and they are mandatory before every scheduled inspection and repair. Viscous oil products can be transported in a new way, the duration of the cleaning process of the tank wagon boiler is reduced by three times and the amount of water consumed is reduced by one and a half times.

Protection of water supply sources from the emergency oil spill on the water surface

The article provides an algorithm for organizing oil spill response on the water surface, as well as the results of the analysis of existing methods of oil and oil product spill response. In order to improve the complex of measures to eliminate oil spills on the water surface, the main requirements for oil-absorbing materials are given. It is shown that the localization and elimination of oil and oil products spills on the water surface due to the destruction of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline requires a set of works that require the use of various methods and the use of the necessary technical means. The developed set of measures for organizing work in response to oil spills on the water surface and the results of the analysis of existing methods for responding to oil and oil products spills will reduce the time for containment and response to the spill, taking into account the optimal choice of technology for cleaning the coastal strip from oil pollution.

Protection of water supply sources from the emergency oil spill on the water surface

The article provides an algorithm for organizing oil spill response on the water surface, as well as the results of the analysis of existing methods of oil and oil product spill response. In order to improve the complex of measures to eliminate oil spills on the water surface, the main requirements for oil-absorbing materials are given. It is shown that the localization and elimination of oil and oil products spills on the water surface due to the destruction of the underwater passage of the main oil pipeline requires a set of works that require the use of various methods and the use of the necessary technical means. The developed set of measures for organizing work in response to oil spills on the water surface and the results of the analysis of existing methods for responding to oil and oil products spills will reduce the time for containment and response to the spill, taking into account the optimal choice of technology for cleaning the coastal strip from oil pollution.