scholarly journals Bloom of Trichodesmium and seasonality of other potentially toxic and harmful phytoplankton in tropical San Pedro Bay, Leyte, Philippines in 2012-13

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Leni Gomez Yap-Dejeto ◽  
Haide Batula
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Phaeocystis Globosa ◽  
Noctiluca Scintillans ◽  
Phytoplankton Ecology ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Pyrodinium Bahamense ◽  
San Pedro Bay ◽  
Harmful Phytoplankton

<p>Since 1983, San Pedro Bay in the Philippines had been reported to be the site of episodic <em>Pyrodinium bahamense </em>var. <em>compressum</em> blooms that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in its nearby coastal communities.  This bay is also subjected to numerous typhoons, the strongest of which was super typhoon Haiyan in November 8, 2013.<strong>  </strong>Phytoplankton ecology of this bay must have unique characteristics.  For the first time, the seasonal dynamics of potentially toxic and harmful phytoplankton in this bay is elucidated.  This is also the first record of a bloom of the cyanobacteria, <em>Trichodesmium erythraeum</em> that reached 90,000 cells/L in April 2013.  There were 19 other potentially toxic and harmful phytoplankton encountered during the sampling period. This consisted of a haptophyte, <em>Phaeocystis globosa, </em>the diatom <em>Pseudo-nitzschia</em> and 17 dinoflagellates.  Seven of these harmful algae had densities high enough to be traced through time.<strong>  </strong>Normally, diatoms abound during the dry season. But here, <em>Pseudo-nitzschia </em>increased in abundance during the wet season of 2012 and 2013. The dinoflagellates behaved as expected and exhibited a relative increase in cell density during the rainy season of both years. <em>Phaeocystis globosa</em> also increased during the wet season.  High nutrient availability during this season must have influenced the behavior of the phytoplankton despite differences in temperature and light intensity among seasons. Other notable but rare harmful species found only in plankton net tows during the study were <em>Pyrodinium bahamense </em>var. <em>compressum, Alexandrium tamiyavanichii</em>, <em>Cochlodinium</em> <em>polykrikoides, </em>and <em>Noctiluca scintillans. </em> <strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Repeat Storm Surge Disasters of Typhoon Haiyan and Its 1897 Predecessor in the Philippines

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneli Lea A. Soria ◽  
Adam D. Switzer ◽  
Cesar L. Villanoy ◽  
Hermann M. Fritz ◽  
Princess Hope T. Bilgera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Risk Awareness ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
San Pedro Bay

Abstract On 8 November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan impacted the Philippines with estimated winds of approximately 314 km h-1 and an associated 5–7-m-high storm surge that struck Tacloban City and the surrounding coast of the shallow, funnel-shaped San Pedro Bay. Typhoon Haiyan killed more than 6,000 people, superseding Tropical Storm Thelma of November 1991 as the deadliest typhoon in the Philippines. Globally, it was the deadliest tropical cyclone since Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008. Here, we use field measurements, eyewitness accounts, and video recordings to corroborate numerical simulations and to characterize the extremely high velocity flooding caused by the Typhoon Haiyan storm surge in both San Pedro Bay and on the more open Pacific Ocean coast. We then compare the surge heights from Typhoon Haiyan with historical records of an unnamed typhoon that took a similar path of destruction in October 1897 (Ty 1897) but which was less intense, smaller, and moved more slowly. The Haiyan surge was about twice the height of the 1897 event in San Pedro Bay, but the two storm surges had similar heights on the open Pacific coast. Until stronger prehistoric events are explored, these two storm surges serve as worst-case scenarios for this region. This study highlights that rare but disastrous events should be carefully evaluated in the context of enhancing community-based disaster risk awareness, planning, and response.

San Pedro Bay Ports Rail Enhancement Program: 2010 Update

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Leue ◽  
Carlo Luzzi
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Development Process ◽  
System Development ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Rail System ◽  
San Pedro Bay

The San Pedro Bay Ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles continue to provide vital rail connections to the rest of the country. The Rail Enhancement Program sets forth the rail improvements necessary to maintain performance as cargo volumes grow through the year 2035. Implementation of the Rail Enhancement Program has faced hurdles including environmental permitting, funding and competing stakeholder concerns. Cargo growth eased in the years approaching 2010, but the timing of proposed improvements to the rail infrastructure remains critical and challenging. The Rail Enhancement Program is the result of work over the past ten years. Conditions affecting the program have continued to change since the original Rail Master Planning Study of 2000. Updates to the Master Plan have been performed in 2005 and 2010. These documents provide analyses and recommendations for rail improvements to maintain adequate rail service on the Alameda Corridor and through the Port to its rail yards. In developing the Rail Enhancement Program, simulation is used to understand the impacts of increasing cargo volumes on the rail system and to investigate infrastructure and operating improvements required to address deficiencies and to determine improvements to efficiently handle projected traffic. This paper describes the development process with a summary of the analysis methods, resulting proposed rail projects, implementation process and current status of implementation. The steps of the rail system development process include the following: • Evaluation of existing and proposed rail operations; • Conceptual design of over forty potential rail improvement projects; • Analysis of the capacity of existing and proposed facilities; • Scheduling of project development to meet demand; • Estimation of environmental, community and regional impacts and benefits; • Determination of schedule including environmental permit requirements; • Development of project funding plans; and • Preparation of engineering designs and construction documents. The paper will conclude with a summary of the status of key projects from the Rail Enhancement Program. Implementation of the Rail Enhancement Program has included permitting, funding and design efforts on individual projects. The projects currently under development total $1B out of the overall $2B program. The Rail Enhancement Program provides significant benefits to operating efficiencies, environmental impacts and economic impacts. Implementation has been a challenging effort and illustrates the myriad obstacles facing public infrastructure development.

Mid- to Inner-Shelf Coupled ROMS–SWAN Model–Data Comparison of Currents and Temperature: Diurnal and Semidiurnal Variability

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirnimesh Kumar ◽  
Falk Feddersen ◽  
Sutara Suanda ◽  
Yusuke Uchiyama ◽  
James McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Heat Budget ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
Phase Speed ◽  
Internal Tide ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Flux Divergence ◽  
Inner Shelf ◽  
Swan Model ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
San Pedro Bay

AbstractAccurately representing diurnal and semidiurnal internal variability is necessary to investigate inner-shelf to midshelf exchange processes. Here, a coupled Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS)–Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) model is compared to observed diurnal and semidiurnal internal tidal variability on the mid and inner shelf (26–8 m water depth) near San Pedro Bay, California. Modeled mean stratification is about one-half of that observed. Modeled and observed baroclinic velocity rotary spectra are similar in the diurnal and semidiurnal band. Modeled and observed temperature spectra have similar diurnal and semidiurnal band structure, although the modeled is weaker. The observed and modeled diurnal and semidiurnal baroclinic velocity- and temperature-dominant vertical structures are similar and consistent with mode-one internal motions. Both observed and modeled diurnal baroclinic kinetic energy are strongly correlated to diurnal wind forcing and enhanced by subtidal vorticity-induced reduction in the inertial frequency. The mid- and inner-shelf modeled diurnal depth-integrated heat budget is a balance between advective heat flux divergence and temperature time derivative. Temperature–velocity phase indicates progressive semidiurnal internal tide on the midshelf and largely standing internal tide on the inner shelf in both observed and modeled. The ratio of observed to modeled inferred phase speed is consistent with the observed to modeled stratification. The San Pedro Bay modeled semidiurnal internal tide has significant spatial variability, variable incident wave angles, and multiple local generation sites. Overall, the coupled ROMS–SWAN model represents well the complex diurnal and semidiurnal internal variability from the mid to the inner shelf.

scholarly journals Harmful phytoplankton ecology studies using an autonomous molecular analytical and ocean observing network

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1255-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan ◽  
D. Greenfield ◽  
R. III Marin ◽  
C. Preston ◽  
B. Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Ecology ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
Harmful Phytoplankton

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF INUNDATION CHARACTERISTICS AROUND THE SAN PEDRO BAY INDUCED BY TYPHOON HAIYAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. I_1675-I_1680
Author(s):  
Yusuke TAGUCHI ◽  
Yoshimitsu TAJIMA ◽  
Shunichiro NAKAMURA ◽  
Yusuke YAMANAKA
Keyword(s):  
San Pedro ◽  
San Pedro Bay

Christianization of the Philippines

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Fides A. del Castillo
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
Indigenous Culture ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
The People ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
The Church ◽  
Root Spread

This paper aims to contribute to discussion on how the Catholic religion took root, spread, survived, and progressed in the Philippines. It seeks to address the Christianization of the pre-Hispanic Filipinos and the subsequent embedded-ment of the Church in indigenous culture. It also discusses on H. Richard Niehbur’s typology of the gospel-culture relationship as discussed by De Mesa (2007). From the fundamental congruencies between Filipino traditional religion and Catholic Christianity, this paper asserts that the lack of tension between the traditional religion of the native Filipinos and Catholicism allowed Christianity to take root, develop, and dominate in the Philippines. In addition, the entrenchment of the Church in indigenous culture and its expression in church architecture, religious art, and popular devotions specifically in the Church of Saint James the Great at Paete, Laguna and San Pedro de Alcantara Church at Pakil, Laguna are discussed. This is to correlate the important contributions of Baroque churches and religious art in the Christianization of the people in the Philippines.

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