Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.E. Newnham ◽  
L. Eric Cross
Keyword(s):  
Perovskite Structure ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
The United States ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sonar Systems ◽  
Institute Of Technology

AbstractThis article highlights the major role Arthur von Hippel and the Laboratory for Insulation Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology played in the early development of the field of ferroelectricity in mixed oxides with the perovskite structure and, in particular, in the identification of ferroelectricity in barium titanate following its discovery in industrial laboratories in the United States during World War II.Very early optical and x-ray studies highlighted the characteristics of the ferroelectric domain structures in both ceramic and single-crystal BaTiO3, the elimination of domains at the Curie temperature TC, and the salient characteristics of the two low-temperature phase transitions. Perhaps the culmination of this work was the detailed studies of lamella 90° domains by Peter Forsbergh and the gorgeous patterns these could generate. This article also traces the manner in which the early studies contributed to whole industries based on perovskite ferroelectrics. The ceramic capacitor industry is now fabricating sophisticated, cofired multilayer capacitors (MLCs) with up to a thousand 1-µm-thick dielectric layers interleaved with base metal electrodes, addressing a market for some 1013 capacitors per year.Manufacturers of large piezoelectric transducers depend almost exclusively on perovskite-structure oxide ceramics. Navy sonar systems are major customers, but spinoff has occurred into a wide range of commercial and medical ultrasound systems. The capability of current materials has improved more than tenfold over the original BaTiO3 ceramics as a result of the effective application of molecular engineering, a strong testament to the insight of the founder of this area of study.

The Measurement Handicapping System of USYRU

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel D. Strohmeier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Linear Measure ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Sailing Yacht ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
Offshore Sailing

In 1976 the United States Yacht Racing Union mandated a new handicapping system for offshore sailing yachts. The purpose was to provide equitable racing among yachts of diverse designs, a feature not possible under the existing International Offshore Rule. Making full use of the Pratt Project for sailing yacht research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USYRU evolved the Measurement Handicap System, in which ratings are expressed, not in linear measure as in past rules, but in predicted speeds on various points of sailing and in different wind velocities. The MHS was first used in the 1978 Bermuda Race. A feature of MHS is a set of regulations to require adequate cruising accommodations.

The Changing Paradigm for Business Success in Advanced Materials and Components Manufacturing

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Barnett ◽  
H.K. Bowen ◽  
K. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Molecular Engineering ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The use of manmade materials progressed rather slowly until the science and technology of metals, refractories, and glass burst forth in the mid-1800s and continued its infancy through the first decades of the 20th century. In fact, much of the scientific wherewithal in industrial nations focused on the development of manmade materials from the standpoint of properties and fabrication processes. From the discipline of metal physics, which emerged in the 1930s, and from the scientific activities in ceramics, polymers, and electronic materials that blossomed in the 1940s and 1950s, a science and engineering base was established, enabling advanced materials and components to be fabricated, often for specific end-user applications. The molecular engineering of crystals, for example, has its roots in von Hippel's studies of dielectric materials at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which began in the 1930s. In this time frame, society, which had primarily used such materials as wood, gypsum, clay, copper, zinc, lead, and iron, turned to a broader set of materials to meet new uses. These new applications required an understanding not only of the composition of matter, but of novel and difficult processes as well. Research specialties broadened.From the late 1950s to the present, the knowledge base for materials and components has exploded. In this period, the scientific and technological field of endeavor—materials science and engineering (MS&E) — evolved from a collection of discrete, disparate arts and crafts with varied amounts of science and practitioners who generally did not stray from their own specialties to a more diffuse field where researchers take a broader approach to materials research and practice.

Role, Importance of ORIC and Entrepreneurship in Universities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bushra Wasim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Massachusetts Institute ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Entrepreneurial Universities ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Institute Of Technology

The entrepreneurial universities aim to facilitate practical knowledge to students and industries to foster economic development. Many ideas were put forward to pioneer universities in the United States like Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Stanford, and establish a solid patent policy, technology transfer policy and Liaison between university and industry. The next great change occurred in Western Europe, with most of the universities transforming themselves into institutions supporting entrepreneurs. The last was the tip of the iceberg i.e. newly emerging economies helped these universities to reach their desired goal.

Book Reviews

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1051
Keyword(s):  
Urban Youth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Disadvantaged Youth ◽  
Youth Outcomes ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Childhood Disadvantage

Carolyn J. Heinrich of University of Wisconsin, Madison reviews “The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective” by Jonathan Gruber,. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins “Nine papers, originally presented at a conference held at Amelia Island Plantation in April 2007, examine the life prospects of disadvantaged youths from a public policy perspective and consider the extent to which interventions can alleviate the causal impacts of disadvantage on current and long-run youth outcomes. Papers discuss the behavioral consequences of prekindergarten participation for disadvantaged youth; whether gaining access to selective elementary schools is gaining ground--evidence from randomized lotteries; whether more compulsory schooling would help disadvantaged youth--evidence from recent changes to school-leaving laws; mental health in childhood and human capital; childhood disadvantage and obesity--whether nurture is trumping nature; socioeconomic disadvantage and early childbearing; parental income shocks and outcomes of disadvantaged youth in the United States; the role of religious and social organizations in the lives of disadvantaged youth; and neighborhood violence and urban youth. Gruber is Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Name and subject indexes.”

THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT COMPONENT OF AN OIL SPILL CLEANUP MODEL

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Nyhart ◽  
Harilaos N. Psaraftis ◽  
Walter S. Laird
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology ◽  
Delegation Of Authority ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup

ABSTRACT An oil spill and its cleanup can be viewed as occurring within a legal environment separable into categories including legal aspects of planning, response action, environmental protection, liability, and compensation. Each may provide enabling rules and constraints that affect the delegation of authority and responsibility to a range of actors. These include the spiller, terminal/facility owner, local emergency cleanup personnel, the Coast Guard, other government officers, volunteers, cleanup contractors, equipment manufacturers, and those damaged by the spill. This paper describes the legal components of an oil spill cleanup model being developed in a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Sea Grant College Program project involving several representative actors from the above categories. It focuses on the relevant existing legal environment in the United States and its relationship to the different actors. It explores how these relationships, expressed as enabling rules or constraints, may be integrated into the project's strategic, tactical, operational, and damage assessment models.

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