Meta-Analysis of Tobacco Control Policies for Reducing Tobacco Consumption

IntroductionChina consumes 44% of the world’s cigarettes. Robust tobacco control measures are needed to contain the trend of increasing cigarette consumption. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy interventions introduced in China on reducing the country’s tobacco use.MethodsThe paper uses data on China’s monthly cigarette consumption per capita from January 2000 to June 2017 to estimate the impact of specific policies on China’s tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption is calculated from monthly sales data from the China National Tobacco Corporation and demographic data from the China National Bureau of Statistics. The policies studied include the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), national tobacco-related policy changes and two tobacco tax increases implemented in China during the study period. Segmented regression analysis is used to estimate the immediate effects of the policies studied and changes in the time trends resulted from these policy changes.FindingsThe impact of national policy changes in China is almost 20 times greater than the impact of the WHO FCTC treaty itself, and national policy changes in tobacco control are a determining factor in reversing the trend of increasing tobacco consumption in China. The 2015 tax increase, which raised retail cigarette prices, produced both immediate and trend effects, with a total incremental effect 7.8 times that of the 2009 tax increase, which did not result in higher cigarette prices for the consumer.InterpretationsTranslating global tobacco control policies into domestic policies will generate a much greater impact on reducing average cigarette consumption, and tobacco taxes that are reflected in the retail prices of cigarettes will be more effective in reducing cigarette consumption.

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Effect of tobacco control policies on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Lancet Public Health ◽

10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30144-5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (9) ◽

pp. e420-e437 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Timor Faber ◽

Arun Kumar ◽

Johan P Mackenbach ◽

Christopher Millett ◽

Sanjay Basu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Child Health ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

And Child Health

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Heated tobacco products: another tobacco industry global strategy to slow progress in tobacco control

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054340 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. s111-s117 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Stella A Bialous ◽

Stanton A Glantz

Keyword(s):

Harm Reduction ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Global Strategy ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Epidemic ◽

Slow Progress

There has been a global decline in tobacco consumption that, if continued, will negatively impact the tobacco industry’s profits. This decline led the industry to invent and market new products, including heated tobacco products (HTP). HTP are an extension of the industry’s strategies to undermine government’s tobacco regulatory efforts as they are being promoted as part of the solution for the tobacco epidemic. Under the moniker of ‘harm reduction’, the tobacco companies are attempting to rehabilitate their reputation so they can more effectively influence governments to roll back existing tobacco control policies or create exemptions for their HTP. Rolling back tobacco control policies will make it easier for the companies to renormalise tobacco use to increase social acceptability for all their products. When regulations are absent or when loopholes exist in classifying HTP as a tobacco product (thus subject to all tobacco control regulations), the industry’s marketing of HTP is making these products more visible to the public and more accessible. Governments need to ensure that HTP are regulated as tobacco products or drugs and reject partnerships with the tobacco companies to promote ‘harm reduction’. The tobacco companies remain the vector of the tobacco-caused epidemic and cannot be part of the global tobacco control solution.

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Correlation between tobacco control policies, consumption of rolled tobacco and e-cigarettes, and intention to quit conventional tobacco, in Europe

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052482 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 149-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cristina Lidón-Moyano ◽

Juan Carlos Martín-Sánchez ◽

Patrick Saliba ◽

Jan Graffelman ◽

Jose M Martínez-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Intent To Quit ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Control Policies ◽

The Past ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Tobacco Control Policies

ObjectiveTo analyse the correlation between the implementation of tobacco control policies and tobacco consumption, particularly rolling tobacco, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) users and the intent to quit smoking in 27 countries of the European Union.DesignEcological study with the country as the unit of analysis.Data sourcesWe used the data from tobacco control activities, measured by the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS), in 27 European countries, in 2010, and the prevalence of tobacco consumption data from the Eurobarometer of 2012.AnalysisSpearman correlation coefficients (rsp) and their 95% CIs.ResultsThere was a negative correlation between TCS and prevalence of smoking (rsp=−0.41; 95% CI −0.67 to −0.07). We also found a negative correlation (rsp=−0.31) between TCS and the prevalence of ever e-cigarette users, but it was not statistically significant. Among former cigarette smokers, there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between TCS and the consumption of hand-rolled tobacco (rsp=0.46; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.70). We observed a similar correlation between TCS and other tobacco products (cigars and pipe) among former cigarette smokers. There was a significant positive correlation between TCS and intent to quit smoking in the past 12 months (rsp=0.66; 95% CI 0.36 to 0.87).ConclusionsThe level of smoke-free legislation among European countries is correlated with a decrease in the prevalence of smoking of conventional cigarettes and an increase in the intent to quit smoking within the past 12 months. However, the consumption of other tobacco products, particularly hand-rolled tobacco, is positively correlated with TCS among former cigarette smokers. Therefore, tobacco control policies should also consider other tobacco products, such as rolling tobacco, cigars and pipes.

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Tobacco control policies and perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Tobacco Induced Diseases ◽

10.18332/tid/83921 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Timor Faber ◽

Arun Kumar ◽

Johan P Mackenbach ◽

Christopher Millett ◽

Sanjay Basu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Child Health ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

And Child Health

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Tobacco control policies and perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008398 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. e008398 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jasper V Been ◽

Johan P Mackenbach ◽

Christopher Millett ◽

Sanjay Basu ◽

Aziz Sheikh

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Child Health ◽

Tobacco Control ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

And Child Health ◽

Analysis Protocol

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The heterogeneous impact of a successful tobacco control campaign: a case study of Mauritius

Tobacco Control ◽

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053412 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 83-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hana Ross ◽

Leelmanee Moussa ◽

Tom Harris ◽

Rajive Ajodhea

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Low Income ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Control Measures ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Tax ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Income Households

BackgroundMauritius has one of the highest smoking prevalences in Africa, contributing to its high burden of non-communicable diseases. Mauritius implemented a series of tobacco control measures from 2009 to 2012, including tobacco tax increases. There is evidence that these policies reduced tobacco consumption, but it is not clear what impact they had across different socioeconomic groups.MethodThe impact of tobacco control measures on different income groups was analysed by contrasting household tobacco expenditures reported in 2006–2007 and 2012 household expenditure surveys. We employed the seemingly unrelated regression model to assess the impact of tobacco use on other household expenditures and calculated Gini coefficients to assess tobacco expenditure inequality.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2012, excise taxes and retail cigarette prices increased by 40.6% and 15.3% in real terms, respectively. These increases were accompanied by numerous non-price tobacco control measures. The share of tobacco-consuming households declined from 35.7% to 29.3%, with the largest relative drop among low-income households. The Gini coefficient of household tobacco expenditures increased by 10.4% due to decreased spending by low-income households. Low-income households demonstrated the largest fall in their tobacco budget shares, and the impact of tobacco consumption on poverty decreased by 26.2%. Households that continued purchasing tobacco reduced their expenditures on transportation, communication, health, and education.ConclusionsThese results suggest that tobacco control policies, including sizeable tax increases, were progressive in their impact. We conclude that tobacco use increases poverty and inequality, but stronger tobacco control policies can mitigate the impact of tobacco use on impoverishment.

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