scholarly journals Legal Roots of Christian Anthropology

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
A. V Halapsis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Christian Anthropology ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Apostolic Succession ◽  
Right To Communicate ◽  
The Right

Purpose of the article is to reconstruct the legal sources of Christian anthropology. Theoretical basis. The methodological basis of the article is the understanding of the fundamental foundations of Christian anthropology in the context of Roman legal understanding. Originality. From the point of view of the Christian religion, man is a dual being: his body is part of the material world, but his soul is not from this world, he is born directly from God. The transcendent origin of the soul gives it the right to communicate with God, but this right can be realized only with the help of the Church, which is seen as the "bride of the Lamb" and the mystical "body of Christ". Interpretations of the essence of church organization correlate with the principles of organization of the Roman community. The principle of universal priesthood correlates with the idea of "post-Tarquinian democracy", recognizing the people of Rome as the supreme bearer of the empire of Jupiter; catholicity – with the idea of the senate as a meeting of the most deserving leaders of the community; apostolic succession – with the institution of republican magistrates, who even though received their power from the community, but through "consultations with the gods" (auspices). In essence, Christian dogmatism is Roman law applied to the Middle Eastern religion; the Bible was interpreted as a legal document, and theologians acted as lawyers. Conclusions. In the ancient Churches (Catholic, Orthodox, Armenian, Coptic, etc.) the ideal of Roman law was realized as the right of impersonal law, standing outside and above the individual. The latter has no ontological value, it is a "servant of God", but the union of men into the mystical "body of Christ" makes the latter empowered to represent God on earth and to act on his behalf. The Renaissance paved the way for the Reformation, in which a powerful "Greek" ("philosophical") lobby declared itself. Despite the fact that many leaders of the Reformation had a personal dislike for philosophy, they were spontaneous philosophers, believing themselves entitled to interpret the will of God independently, regardless of the authority of the councils. They were strict rationalists who only changed the object of their reason: if the ancient Greeks tried to comprehend the world rationally, the Protestants set themselves the goal of rationally comprehending the Book. Ultimately, the main question of Christian theology is the question of man’s attitude to God, and the differences between the anthropological systems within Christianity are the options for answering this question.

scholarly journals The Wounds and the Ascended Body

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Widdicombe
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Cyril Of Alexandria ◽  
Good Intention ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Right

Abstract The question of whether the ascended and glorified body of Christ retains the marks of the wounds first became an issue of theological importance in the fifth century with the writings of Cyril of Alexandria and it continued to be developed until the Reformation, when both Luther and Calvin rejected the idea. For the patristic and medieval theologians, the enduring reality of the wounds testify to the intimate connnection between the economy of God’s salvific work within the created order and the eternal economy. It underscored God’s ongoing good intention for, and engagement with, fallen creation. However transformed in glory, the ascended Christ is not to be thought of as dehominised and the evidence of his history as the incarnate and suffering human being is not to be erased. Suffering and sinful humanity finds itself in the Son at the right hand of the Father and it can see there the evidence that the divine heart has and continues to beat with compassion for humanity in its continuing brokenness. It is the enduring presence of the marks of the wounds in heaven that testifies to the divine engagement with the sinful human condition, in both judgment and mercy, which in turn is the basis of humankind’s response of thankfulness.

scholarly journals Clostridioides difficile Infection, Still a Long Way to Go

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Kampouri ◽  
Antony Croxatto ◽  
Guy Prod’hom ◽  
Benoit Guery
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
The Right

Clostridioides difficile is an increasingly common pathogen both within and outside the hospital and is responsible for a large clinical spectrum from asymptomatic carriage to complicated infection associated with a high mortality. While diagnostic methods have considerably progressed over the years, the optimal diagnostic algorithm is still debated and there is no single diagnostic test that can be used as a standalone test. More importantly, the heterogeneity in diagnostic practices between centers along with the lack of robust surveillance systems in all countries and an important degree of underdiagnosis due to lack of clinical suspicion in the community, hinder a more accurate evaluation of the burden of disease. Our improved understanding of the physiopathology of CDI has allowed some significant progress in the treatment of CDI, including a broader use of fidaxomicine, the use of fecal microbiota transplantation for multiples recurrences and newer approaches including antibodies, vaccines and new molecules, already developed or in the pipeline. However, the management of CDI recurrences and severe infections remain challenging and the main question remains: how to best target these often expensive treatments to the right population. In this review we discuss current diagnostic approaches, treatment and potential prevention strategies, with a special focus on recent advances in the field as well as areas of uncertainty and unmet needs and how to address them.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Hjortsjo Crook Sign of Right Posterior Sectional Bile Duct and Bile Duct Anatomy in ERCP

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hanan M. Alghamdi ◽  
Afnan F. Almuhanna ◽  
Bander F. Aldhafery ◽  
Raed M. AlSulaiman ◽  
Ahmed Almarhabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Stone Disease ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Anatomical Variant ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Bile Duct Anatomy ◽  
Therapeutic Ercp ◽  
The Right

Aim. The frequency of the Right Posterior Sectional Bile Duct (RPSBD) hump sign in cholangiogram when it crosses over the right portal vein known as Hjortsjo Crook Sign and the bile duct anatomy are studied. Knowledge of the implication of positive sign can facilitate safe resection for both bile duct and portal vein. Methods. Prospectively, we included 237 patients with indicated ERCP during a period from March 2010 to January 2015. Results. The mean age (±SD) and male to female ratio were 38.8 (±19.20) and 1 : 1.28, respectively. All patients are Arab from Middle Eastern origin, had biliary stone disease, and underwent diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP. Positive Hjortsjo Crook Sign was found in 17.7% (42) of patients. The sign was found to be equally more frequent in Nakamura’s RPSBD anatomical variant types I, II, and IV in 8.4% (20), 6.8% (16), and 2.1% (5), respectively, while rare anatomical variant type III showed no positive sign. Conclusion. Hjortsjo Crook Sign frequently presents in RPSBD variation types I, II, and IV in our patients.

Pensée 3: Free Speech and the Question of Israel: A British Perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-194
Author(s):  
Avi Shlaim
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Academic Environment ◽  
Middle Eastern Studies ◽  
British Perspective ◽  
The Right ◽  
American Academic

As a member of the British academic community—an international relations professor who is deeply involved in Middle Eastern studies—I find it distressing that some of the most dismal aspects of the American academic environment are coming our way. Nowhere is this trend more pronounced than on the question of Israel. That country is, of course, no stranger to controversy, but the attack on the right of academics to criticize Israel is a relatively recent and a highly disturbing phenomenon.

scholarly journals Mandatum incertum w klasycznym prawie rzymskim

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 223-248
Author(s):  
Franciszek Longchamps de Bérier
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Byzantine Era

Mandatum incertum occurs when the terms of this consensual contract are left imprecise by the mandator. The article focuses on the essential determination of the object for the validity of the mandate, therefore the main question is whether mandatum incertum was not unknown to the classical jurists, as there is no doubt it was not void in the Byzantine era. The problem was broadly discussed by several authors, i.e., V. Arangino-Ruiz, G. Donatuti, G. Longo, A. Watson and N. Scapini, though no general agreement among modem jurists was achieved. It seems that terms of mandate are not the same as fines mandati. Fines mandati are not only the intrinsic restrictions given by the mandator, but the purpose to be achived as well. Yes, this purpose could be express or implied, then egressio mandati takes place only when the express boundaries are transgressed. The thorough analysis of relevant classical sources in the full context of the institution allows to state that there is no reason to allege that mandatum incertum was considered invalid in the classical period of Roman law. The strong evidence has been shown that classical jurists recognized mandates with terms left to the discretion of the mandatary. However, the mandatary should execute a commission in favour of the mandator’s interesse and this conduct is estimated according to the boni viri arbitratus.

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