Congenital heart disease is the most common congenital malformation with an incidence of 4 to 10 per 1,000 live births. Anesthesiologists are required to manage these patients when they present for surgical or percutaneous interventions, including definitive and/or palliative procedures. The preoperative evaluation of the cardiac patient includes a thorough physical examination, laboratory testing, and diagnostic imaging such as echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. The perioperative management of children with cardiac disease requires a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, invasive monitoring such as arterial pressure and central venous pressure, and different surgical procedures and interventions in the catheterization laboratory. In addition, understanding cardiopulmonary bypass including perfusion, temperature, and acid-base is a must. This chapter presents a systematic approach for the preoperative assessment of children with cardiac disease and management on cardiopulmonary bypass and discusses the different surgical procedures and catheterization laboratory interventions, indications, and potential complications.
This review contains 1 figure, 9 tables, and 23 references.
Key Words: associated anomalies, cardiac surgical procedures, cardiopulmonary bypass, congenital heart disease, intraoperative monitoring, inotropes, interventional catheterization, preoperative evaluation, vasodilators
State-of-the-Art CT Imaging Techniques for Congenital Heart Disease