scholarly journals Electroretinography in eight species of neotropical deer

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1505-1513
Author(s):  
R.M. Crivelaro ◽  
R. Thiesen ◽  
M. Aldrovani ◽  
T.B. Lima ◽  
K.P. Ortêncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Neotropical Species ◽  
Chemical Restraint ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Cone Response ◽  
Mazama Gouazoubira ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Retinal Response ◽  
Neotropical Deer

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to establish normal baseline ERG values of 23 anesthetized deer belonging to 8 neotropical species (Mazama americana, Mazama nemorivaga, Mazama gouazoubira, Mazama nana, Mazama bororo, Ozotocerus bezoarticus, Odocoileus virginianus and Blastocerus dichotomus). Only right eyes were studied. Chemical restraint was performed using xylazine associated with ketamine, IM, for M. americana, M. gouazoubira, M. nemorivaga, M. nana, M. bororo, O. bezoarticus and O. virginianus. A combination of tiletamine/zolazepam diluted in xylazine 2% was used for B. dichotomus individuals. After 20min of dark adaptation, electroretinograms were obtained using a handheld electroretinography (ERG) machine using the QuickRetCheck Protocol at three different light intensities: 0.01cd.s/m2, 3cd.s/m2, and 10cd.s/m2. After light adaptation, photopic phase was recorded. A-wave amplitude recorded during pattern mixed rod/cone response in M. americana was significantly lower when compared to B. dichotomus. No other differences were observed between the species studied. ERG in Neotropical deer is applicable using a portable ERG system and did not show differences among species in relation to the retinal response at different light intensities. Therefore, the lifestyle of the species is more dictated by the selection pressure of the environment than by physiological factors.

scholarly journals A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. e0198670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez ◽  
Josué Díaz-Delgado ◽  
Eliana Reiko Matushima ◽  
Cintia Maria Fávero ◽  
Angélica Maria Sánchez Sarmiento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deer Species ◽  
Mazama Gouazoubira ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Brocket Deer ◽  
Neotropical Deer

Acoustic parameters of courtship and human-directed friendly vocalisations in seven species of Neotropical deer in captivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Patricia Black-Décima ◽  
Alejandra M. Hurtado ◽  
J. M. Barbanti Duarte ◽  
Mirta Santana
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Brocket Deer ◽  
Neotropical Deer

Context Polygynous deer rut vocalisations have been found to be highly conspicuous, typical of the species and important in sexual selection. Information about vocalisations is not available for Neotropical species (subfamily Odocoileinae). Aims The objective was to record courtship vocalisations from all Neotropical deer available, looking for differences among species useful for taxonomic identification, characterise the vocalisations according to acoustic parameters and to try to determine functions. Methods Four species of brocket deer (red, Mazama americana (n = 9); grey, M. gouazoubira (n = 7); Amazonian brown, M. nemorivaga (n = 3); Brazilian dwarf, M. nana (n = 1)), and one individual each of marsh (Blastocerus dichotomus), white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and taruca (Hippocamellus antisensis) deer were recorded in captivity at two institutions, in conditions of courtship or human interaction. The acoustic analysis was performed with Praat. Data from the first three species of Mazama were analysed statistically with a multilevel model with two layers. Key results In the context of courting either females or humans, male deer produced low-intensity, short-duration (0.1–0.3 s) bleats with fundamental frequencies (F0) between 100 and 400 Hz; calls were similar among species. The duration of these calls for Amazonian brown brocket males was significantly longer than for males of the other two species. Females of two species had longer-duration calls than did males, in friendly interactions with humans. F0 differences among species for both friendly and courtship calls were almost significant for males of M. gouazoubira. Individual differences were highly significant for both duration and mean F0. Mean F0 for courtship calls of adult males was not correlated with body size in six of the seven species, in contrast to the theory of acoustic allometry. Conclusions The production of male courtship bleats is probably a basic feature of Odocoiline deer and is probably important in sexual selection and female choice. The differences from one species to another are not sufficient for taxonomic use but may be incipient isolating mechanisms between grey and Amazonian brown brocket deer. Implications Studies of deer vocalisations have shown their importance in sexual selection and their incredible variety in closely related species and subspecies, but they have dealt mainly with Old World deer. This study fills a gap in our knowledge, as the first on Neotropical deer, which constitute six genera and 17 species and are widely distributed in the Americas. These data are important for future studies on the function and phylogeny of deer vocalisations.

Cervídeos como fonte de matéria-prima para produção de artefatos: Estudos de caso em três sítios arqueológicos associados a grupos caçadores-coletores do sudeste e sul do Brasil

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Sartori Mingatos ◽  
Mercedes Okumura
Keyword(s):  
Ozotoceros Bezoarticus ◽  
De Se ◽  
Mazama Gouazoubira ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Mazama Americana

Dentre as inúmeras informações possíveis de se obter a partir da análise de artefatos ósseos, uma delas é a identificação das espécies e partes anatômicas utilizadas para a confecção desses artefatos. No território brasileiro, quatro espécies de cervídeos são comumente encontradas nas regiões sul e sudeste: Mazama americana, Mazama gouazoubira, Ozotoceros bezoarticus e Blastocerus dichotomus. Ao longo do Holoceno, ossos e galhadas dessas espécies de cervídeos foram utilizados no lascamento lítico, na produção de pontas ósseas e espátulas, entre outros artefatos. Estudos preliminares dos artefatos ósseos recuperados de três sítios arqueológicos de grupos caçadores-coletores do sudeste e sul do Brasil - sítio Lapa do Santo (MG), sítio Tunas (PR), e sítio Garivaldino (RS) - demonstram uma preferência por ossos de cervídeos para a confecção desses artefatos.

scholarly journals Photopigment quenching is Ca2+ dependent and controls response duration in salamander L-cone photoreceptors

2010 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh R. Matthews ◽  
Alapakkam P. Sampath
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Quenching Rate ◽  
Vertebrate Photoreceptor ◽  
Cone Response ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Phototransduction Cascade

The time scale of the photoresponse in photoreceptor cells is set by the slowest of the steps that quench the light-induced activity of the phototransduction cascade. In vertebrate photoreceptor cells, this rate-limiting reaction is thought to be either shutoff of catalytic activity in the photopigment or shutoff of the pigment's effector, the transducin-GTP–phosphodiesterase complex. In suction pipette recordings from isolated salamander L-cones, we found that preventing changes in internal [Ca2+] delayed the recovery of the light response and prolonged the dominant time constant for recovery. Evidence that the Ca2+-sensitive step involved the pigment itself was provided by the observation that removal of Cl− from the pigment's anion-binding site accelerated the dominant time constant for response recovery. Collectively, these observations indicate that in L-cones, unlike amphibian rods where the dominant time constant is insensitive to [Ca2+], pigment quenching rate limits recovery and provides an additional mechanism for modulating the cone response during light adaptation.

scholarly journals Light Adaptation in the Ventral Photoreceptor of Limulus

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Srebro ◽  
Michael Behbehani
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Two Phases

Light adaptation in both the ventral photoreceptor and the lateral eye photoreceptor is a complex process consisting of at least two phases. One phase, which we call the rapid phase of adaptation, occurs whenever there is temporal overlap of the discrete waves that compose a light response. The recovery from the rapid phase of adaptation follows an exponential time-course with a time constant of approximately 75 ms at 21°C. The rapid phase of adaptation occurs at light intensities barely above discrete wave threshold as well as at substantially higher light intensities with the same recovery time-course at all intensities. It occurs in voltage-clamped and unclamped photoreceptors. The kinetics of the rapid phase of adaptation is closely correlated to the photocurrent which appears to initiate it after a short delay. The rapid phase of adaptation is probably identical to what is called the "adapting bump" process. At light intensities greater than about 10 times discrete wave threshold another phase of light adaptation occurs. It develops slowly over a period of ½ s or so, and decays even more slowly over a period of several seconds. It is graded with light intensity and occurs in both voltage-clamped and unclamped photoreceptors. We call this the slow phase of light adaptation.

Origin of electroretinogram amplitude growth during light adaptation in pigmented rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
BANG V. BUI ◽  
BRAD FORTUNE
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Cone Response ◽  
Amplitude Growth

We assessed the growth of the rat photopic electroretinogram (ERG) during light adaptation and the mechanisms underlying this process. Full field ERG responses were recorded from anesthetized adult Brown–Norway rats at each minute for 20 min of light adaptation (backgrounds: 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 log scotopic cd m−2). The rat photopic b-wave amplitude increased with duration of light adaptation and its width at 33% maximal amplitude narrowed (by ∼ 40 ms). These effects peaked 12–15 min after background onset. The narrowing of the b-wave reflected steepening of the b-wave recovery phase, with little change in the rising phase. OP amplitudes grew in proportion to the b-wave. Inhibition of inner retinal responses using TTX resulted in a greater relative growth of b-wave and OP amplitude compared with fellow control eyes, and delayed the change in recovery phase by ∼ 5 min. Inhibition of all ionotropic glutamate receptors with CNQX/D-AP7 delayed both rising and recovery phases equally (∼ 12 ms) without altering b-wave width or the time course of adaptation changes. These outcomes suggest that inner retinal light responses are not directly responsible for b-wave amplitude growth, but may contribute to the change in its recovery phase during adaptation. A TTX-sensitive mechanism may help to hasten this process. The cone a-wave was isolated using PDA/L-AP4 or CNQX/L-AP4. A-wave amplitude (35 ms after stimulus onset) also increased with time during light adaptation and reached a maximum (130 ± 29% above baseline) 12–15 min after background onset. B-wave amplitude growth in fellow control eyes closely followed the course and relative magnitude of cone a-wave amplitude growth. Hence, the increase of the cone response during light adaptation is sufficient to explain b-wave amplitude growth.

scholarly journals Satellite DNA in Neotropical Deer Species

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Miluse Vozdova ◽  
Svatava Kubickova ◽  
Natália Martínková ◽  
David Javier Galindo ◽  
Agda Maria Bernegossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Deer Species ◽  
Ozotoceros Bezoarticus ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
Critical Revision ◽  
Blastocerus Dichotomus ◽  
Neotropical Deer

The taxonomy and phylogenetics of Neotropical deer have been mostly based on morphological criteria and needs a critical revision on the basis of new molecular and cytogenetic markers. In this study, we used the variation in the sequence, copy number, and chromosome localization of satellite I-IV DNA to evaluate evolutionary relationships among eight Neotropical deer species. Using FISH with satI-IV probes derived from Mazama gouazoubira, we proved the presence of satellite DNA blocks in peri/centromeric regions of all analyzed deer. Satellite DNA was also detected in the interstitial chromosome regions of species of the genus Mazama with highly reduced chromosome numbers. In contrast to Blastocerus dichotomus, Ozotoceros bezoarticus, and Odocoileus virginianus, Mazama species showed high abundance of satIV DNA by FISH. The phylogenetic analysis of the satellite DNA showed close relationships between O. bezoarticus and B. dichotomus. Furthermore, the Neotropical and Nearctic populations of O. virginianus formed a single clade. However, the satellite DNA phylogeny did not allow resolving the relationships within the genus Mazama. The high abundance of the satellite DNA in centromeres probably contributes to the formation of chromosomal rearrangements, thus leading to a fast and ongoing speciation in this genus, which has not yet been reflected in the satellite DNA sequence diversification.

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