scholarly journals Influence of different oxidation mechanisms on the exfoliation of intercalated graphite bisulfate using two types of graphite

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Armando Espinosa Martinez ◽  
Miguel Sanchez Junior ◽  
Augusto Nobre Golçalves ◽  
Roxana Maria Martinez Orrego ◽  
Odila Florêncio
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Powder Form ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Oxidation Mechanisms ◽  
Graphite Bisulfate

ABSTRACT Three different processes for the synthetization of exfoliated graphite intercalation compound have been tested in two different type of graphite, one in powder form and the other one as flakes. Each graphite was oxidized applying the same experimental conditions (sonification, neutralization, filtering and drying) but using three different auxiliary oxidizers (H2O2, HNO3 and KClO3) previously mixed with H2SO4. The resulting synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Raman spectra analysis of the oxidized samples correspond to that of a graphene of few layers. Stronger delamination and exfoliation were observed in the samples of graphite, originally in powder form, treated with H2SO4/HNO3.

Preparation of stages 2–4 ternary AlCl3–FeCl3-graphite intercalation compounds

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1196-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Yasuo Mizutani ◽  
Mitsuru Asano ◽  
Toshio Harada
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Intercalation Compounds ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Vapor Species ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

Intercalation of AlCl3 into stage 2 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC) using an ordinary two-bulb method has been studied by x-ray diffraction. Stages 2, 3, and 4 ternary AlCl3-FeCl3-GlC's are obtained when the temperatures of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC were set at T (GIC) = 503, 523, and 553 K, respectively, for the AlCl3 intercalate material at T (AlCl3) = 473 K, that is, the vapor pressure of (AlCl3)2 (g) of the main vapor species to be held at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa. However, for the temperature of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC at T (GIC) = 573 K, the (AlCl3)2 (g) vapor is found to promote the decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC, resulting in the formation of graphite. The decomposition of the stage 2 FeCl3-GIC is considered to take place because the complex AlFeCl6 (g) in the gas phase, which is formed from both (AlCl3)2 (g) and FeCl3 existing at the edge of the FeCl3-GIC, is thermodynamically more stable than the FeCl3 and AlCl3 intercalates in their GIC at p {(AlCl3)2} = 2.4 × 105 Pa and T (GIC) = 573 K.

Structural Evolution of Natural Flake Graphite during Intercalation and Exfoliation

2014 ◽  
Vol 552 ◽  
pp. 328-330
Author(s):  
Zhi Guo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Expanded Graphite ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Flake Graphite ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Natural Graphite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

In order to investigate the structural evolution of natural flake graphite during intercalation and exfoliation, natural graphite flakes were treated by intercalating, water-washing, drying and expanding. The corresponding products, graphite intercalation compound (GIC), residue GIC (expandable graphite) and expanded graphite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results can provide reference for the research in this field.

Novel approaches for controlling stage structure of metal chloride–graphite intercalation compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3190-3192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Shioyama ◽  
M. B. H. M. Saman ◽  
A. Sanpanich
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Stage Structure ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Structure Of Metal ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Stage 1

Intercalation of EuCl3 TbCl3, and AlCl3 into graphite was carried out in the presence of chlorine. The observation of products by x-ray diffraction showed that the extent of chloride intercalation could be controlled through adjustment of the pressure of chlorine; increasing pressure tended to increase the extent of intercalation. In the case of EuCl3, the extent of intercalation varied to show a stage transition. In contrast, TbCl3 intercalation gave a mixture of stage 2 or stage 4 graphite intercalation compound (GIC) and remaining graphite, where the extent of intercalation is revealed by the ratio of GIC to graphite. With respect to AlCl3 intercalation, although the preparation of stage 1, 2, and 4 GICs was successful, stage 3 and 5 GICs could not be obtained.

X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering studies of FeCl3–SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3039-3044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Yasukazu Yokota ◽  
Yasuo Mizutani ◽  
Mitsuru Asano ◽  
Toshio Harada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Raman Spectrum ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Two Peaks

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the study of the bi-intercalation of SbCl5 into a stage 5 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compound (GIC). The stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method with the temperature of graphite at 788 K and that of FeCl3 at 573 K. The FeCl3-SbCl5-graphite bi-intercalation compound (GBC) with one SbCl5 layer is obtained when the temperature of the stage 5 FeCl3-GIC is held at 443 K and the temperature of SbCl5 at 373 K in the two-zone system. The stacking sequence of the GBC is found to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GGG(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)GGG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G by XRD, where G, (FeCl3), and (SbCl5) are the graphite, FeCl3, and SbCl5 layers, respectively. The Raman spectrum of the GBC shows two peaks associated with the and modes at 1588 cm−1 and 1610 cm−1, respectively. For the temperatures of stage 5 FeCl3-GIC at 443 K and SbCl5 at 403 K in the two-zone system, the FeCl3-SbCl5-GBC with two SbCl5 layers is obtained. The stacking sequence of the GBC is determined to be an admixture of G(FeCl3)GG(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)G(FeCl3)G and G(FeCl3)G(SbCl5)GG(SbCl5)GG(FeCl3)G In the Raman spectrum of this GBC, two peaks associated with the mode are observed at 1616 and 1624 cm−1.

X-ray investigation of highly saturated Li-graphite intercalation compound

Carbon ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Nalimova ◽  
D. Guérard ◽  
M. Lelaurain ◽  
O.V. Fateev
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

Preparation of FeCl3–IBr–H2SO4–graphite multi-intercalation compounds

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Abe ◽  
Yasuo Mizutani ◽  
Eiji Ihara ◽  
Mitsuru Asano ◽  
Toshio Harada
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Vapor ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Intercalation Compounds ◽  
Stacking Sequence ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Stages 4-6 FeCl3-graphite intercalation compounds (GIC's) have been prepared by an ordinary two-bulb method, and FeCl3-IBr-graphite bi-intercalation compounds (GBC's) are synthesized by holding the FeCl3-GIC's in the saturated vapor of IBr. The x-ray diffraction patterns of the FeCl3-IBr-GBC's obtained from stages 4, 5, and 6 FeCl3-GIC's give the stacking sequences as G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GG(FeCl3)G, G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GGG(FeCl3)G, and G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)GG(IBr)GG(FeCl3)G, respectively, where G, (FeCl3), and (IBr) refer to the graphite, FeCl3, and IBr layers, respectively. The multi-intercalation of H2SO4 into the FeCl3-IBr-GBC's synthesized from stages 4 and 6 FeCl3-GIC's occurs at all the vacant galleries of the GBC's at the same time. In contrast, the multi-intercalation of H2SO4 into the FeCl3-IBr-GBC obtained from the stage 5 FeCl3-GIC takes place in two processes. The first multi-intercalation occurs at the gallery adjacent to the bi-intercalated IBr layer, and the stacking sequence of the resulting graphite multi-intercalation compound is determined to be G(FeCl3)GG(IBr)G(H2SO4)GG(FeCl3)G, where (H2SO4) refers to the H2SO4 layer. The second multi-intercalation occurs at all the rest of the vacant galleries.

Effect of the substrate surface condition on the Ni(thin film)/SiC(0001) interfacial reaction

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2522-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory R. Dean ◽  
Kevin Robbie ◽  
Lynnette D. Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Graphite Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Graphite Intercalation

The effect of the substrate surface, structure, and chemistry on the interfacial interaction in Ni(thin film)/SiC was examined, with a focus on the recently discovered formation of a nickel intercalated graphite phase. Very thin Ni films (∼7 nm) were deposited onto heated 6H–SiC(0001) substrates prepared with: (i) an oxide layer, (ii) a surface reconstruction, and (iii) a pristine surface (no oxide and no reconstruction), followed by further annealing. Characterization using x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy revealed remarkable differences between the samples in terms of both surface morphology and crystallography. Nickel silicides were present in all samples; however, the phase composition differed depending on sample preparation. Furthermore, the pristine surface was the only one that clearly promoted the growth of the nickel graphite intercalation compound (Ni-GIC).

X-ray determination of the modulation potential in a stage-2 potassium-graphite intercalation compound

1989 ◽  
Vol 39 (15) ◽  
pp. 10627-10632 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. B. Kan ◽  
J. L. Robertson ◽  
S. C. Moss ◽  
K. Ohshima ◽  
C. J. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Intercalation Compound ◽  
Graphite Intercalation Compound ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphite Intercalation
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