Characterization of the Novel Tomato Mutant HRT, Resistant to Acetolactate Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Dor ◽  
Evgeny Smirnov ◽  
Shmuel Galili ◽  
Achdary Guy ◽  
Joseph Hershenhorn
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Tomato Mutant ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides

The tomato mutant line HRT was obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate seed mutagenesis of the commercial tomato line M82. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine whole-plant response to the imidazolinone herbicides imazamox, imazapic, and imazapyr; pyrithiobac-sodium (a herbicide from the pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid group); and propoxycarbazone sodium (sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone group). The mutant was highly resistant to imazamox, imazapic, and imazapyr, but did not differ from M82 in its response to the sulfonylurea herbicides Envoke (trifloxysulfuron), Monitor (sulfosulfuron), and Glean (chlorsulfuron). Equip (foramsulfuron), a sulfonylurea herbicide, was toxic to M82 but less so to HRT plants. Under field conditions, HRT showed high resistance to imazapic and imazapyr. The herbicides at a rate of 144 g ai ha−1did not cause any reduction in HRT plant vigor, development, or yield. Results of greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated high Egyptian broomrape–control efficacy with the imidazolinone herbicides imazapic and imazapyr. Two imazapic applications of 9.6 or 14.4 g ai ha−1and three applications of 4.8 g ai ha−1in pot experiments completely prevented appearance of broomrape shoots aboveground. Three and four applications of the same herbicides in the field at a rate of 12 or 24 g ai ha−1completely prevented shoot appearance without any yield losses. Single imazapic application as high as 144 g ai ha−1did not damage the plants or reduce HRT yield.

scholarly journals Novel Keratinolytic Activity of Cyberlindnera fabianii Nrc3 Aza as A Plant Growth Promoting Agent (PGPA)

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azza M. Abdel-fattah ◽  
EL-Shahat H. A. Nashy ◽  
El-Tahir A. Sabiel ◽  
Manal M. Hussien ◽  
Ahmed S. Attia
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Keratinolytic Activity ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Feather Waste ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Keratinase Enzyme

Two field experiments had been conducted in Nubaria sandy soil, Behaira Governate, Egypt to show the effect of keratinase enzyme produced by the novel microbial isolate (Cyberlindnera fabianii NRC3 Aza) on plants.The trials had been conducted in the two successive summer seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) to show the effect of keratinase enzyme from degraded feather–waste on the morphology and chemical composition of peas pods (Pisumsativum L.)–family Fabaceae (Leguminasae). In 2011/2012 season, only the chemical analysis of the dried powdered beads was studied. In 2012/2013 season, the morphological studies of the yield were considered beside the chemical ones. The results depicted significant effects of the sprayed enzyme (keratinase) on peas as plant growth promoting agent (PGPA), compared with the blank (sprayed with water). Electrophoreses and amino acid analysis were carried out for the characterization of the partial pure keratinase enzyme. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 609-618

Combined Effects of Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides with Terbufos and Piperonyl Butoxide on Corn (Zea mays) and Soybean (Glycine max)

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae Soon Kwon ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Als Inhibitor ◽  
Corn Hybrid

Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the response of six corn hybrids and two soybean varieties to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicides applied with terbufos and/or piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a mixed function oxidase (MFO) inhibitor. Field experiments also were conducted to determine the response of six corn hybrids to the combination treatments, terbufos plus ALS inhibitor herbicides and/or PBO and/or antidote. PBO at 0.33 kg/ha tank-mixed with nicosulfuron and primisulfuron injured the Northrup King 9283 corn hybrid. Great Lakes 584 corn was less sensitive than Northrup King 9283 to these combination treatments. Pioneer 3377 IR corn hybrid was resistant to the combination of nicosulfuron or primisulfuron plus PBO at 2 kg/ha and also to the combination treatments of imazethapyr herbicide plus PBO even though terbufos was previously applied. ICI 8532 IT, ICI 8532, and Pioneer 3377 hybrids were injured by the combination of nicosulfuron or primisulfuron and/or terbufos and/or PBO at 2 kg/ha. ICI 8532 IT corn hybrid was not injured by the combination treatment of imazethapyr or thifensulfuron and terbufos. In the field studies, Pioneer 3377 IR and Ciba 4393 RSC hybrids were resistant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides even when applied with PBO regardless of the presence of terbufos. All treatments of chlorimuron plus terbufos caused considerable injury to ICI 8532 IT, ICI 8532, Pioneer 3377, and Ciba 4393, but not Pioneer 3377 IR and Ciba 4393 RSC. The combination of thifensulfuron with PBO injured Elgin ‘87 soybean, but the W20 soybean was tolerant to this combination treatment. Combination of imazethapyr with PBO did not affect the growth of Elgin ‘87 soybean.

Characterization of a waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) population from Illinois resistant to herbicides from five site-of-action groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody M. Evans ◽  
Seth A. Strom ◽  
Dean E. Riechers ◽  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
Patrick J. Tranel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Central Illinois ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Herbicide Use

AbstractExperiments were initiated to characterize a waterhemp population (CHR) discovered in a central Illinois corn field after it was not controlled by the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor topramezone. Field experiments conducted during 2014–2015 indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS)-, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-, photosystem II (PSII)-, and HPPD-inhibiting herbicides and the synthetic auxin 2,4-D did not control the CHR population. Laboratory experiments confirmed target site–based resistance mechanisms to ALS- and PPO-inhibiting herbicides. Herbicide doses required to reduce dry biomass 50% (GR50) were determined in greenhouse dose–response experiments, and indicated 16-fold resistance to the HPPD inhibitor mesotrione, 9.5-fold resistance to the synthetic auxin 2,4-D, and 252-fold resistance to the PSII inhibitor atrazine. Complementary results from field, laboratory, and greenhouse investigations indicate that the CHR population has evolved resistance to herbicides from five sites of action (SOAs): ALS-, PPO-, PSII-, and HPPD-inhibiting herbicides and 2,4-D. Herbicide use history for the field in which CHR was discovered indicates no previous use of 2,4-D.

Characterization of carinata tolerance to select herbicides using field dose-response studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Sandra R. Ethridge ◽  
Angela Post ◽  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
Michael J. Mulvaney ◽  
Ramon G. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Control Volunteer ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
Response Field

Abstract Field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2019 to determine the tolerance of carinata to several preemergence and postemergence herbicides. Preliminary screenings identified herbicides which caused large variation on carinata injury, indicating the potential for selectivity. Dose-response field studies were conducted to quantify the tolerance of carinata to select herbicides. Diuron applied preemergence at rates of 280 g ai ha−1 or above reduced carinata population density 54% to 84% compared to the nontreated control. In certain locations, clomazone applied preemergence caused minor injury with an acceptable level of carinata tolerance and only doses above 105 g ai ha−1 caused yield reductions. Napropamide doses of 2,856 g ai ha−1 or higher applied preemergence caused at least 25% injury to carinata; however, the damage was not severe enough to reduce yields. Simazine applied postemergence at rates above 1,594 g ai ha−1 caused 50% or more injury, resulting in yield losses ranging from 0 to 95% depending on location. Clopyralid applied postemergence at 2,512 g ai ha−1 caused 25% injury with relative yield reductions which varied across locations. The present study identified clomazone and napropamide applied preemergence, and clopyralid applied postemergence as potential herbicides for weed control in carinata. In contrast, diuron, simazine, metribuzin, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron caused high levels of carinata mortality and can be used to control volunteer carinata plants in rotational crops.

Egyptian Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) Management in Carrot under Field Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnon Cochavi ◽  
Guy Achdari ◽  
Evgeny Smirnov ◽  
Baruch Rubin ◽  
Hanan Eizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Parasitic Weed ◽  
Hormetic Effect ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Heavy Infestation ◽  
Two Parameter

The chlorophyll-lacking holoparasite Egyptian broomrape is a major threat for many field crops in Israel. In carrot, a high-value crop that is grown year round in Israel, heavy infestation with broomrape can cause severe damage and even total yield loss. The objective of this study was to determine, under field conditions, selective herbicides that would effectively control Egyptian broomrape without damaging the carrots. Ten field experiments were performed between the years 2010 and 2013. The acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicides imazapic and imazamox caused deformation of carrot taproots at low doses, and significantly reduced yield amount and quality. Glyphosate was found to be the safest herbicide for broomrape management in carrot. Carrot selectivity and broomrape control efficacy were examined with three sequential applications of nine glyphosate doses. A nonlinear log-logistic curve described the response of noninfested carrot taproot biomass to glyphosate. No significant reduction in taproot biomass was observed when glyphosate was applied at up to 149 g ae ha−1. When glyphosate was applied in an Egyptian broomrape-infested carrot field, a hormetic effect was observed, perhaps due to Egyptian broomrape control. A two-parameter exponential decay curve described the broomrape response to glyphosate. Three sequential foliar applications of glyphosate, at 108 g ha−1, completely controlled Egyptian broomrape. Our results demonstrate that glyphosate applied sequentially at a low dose on Egyptian broomrape-infested carrot can control this parasitic weed.

Differential Herbicide Response Among Sulfonylurea-Resistant Kochia scoparia L. Accessions

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sivakumaran ◽  
D. Mulugeta ◽  
P. K. Fay ◽  
W. E. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
The Third ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Resistant Accession ◽  
Intermediate Response ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides

Three chlorsulfuron-resistant kochia accessions were tested for levels of resistance to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides, based on whole plant response and sensitivity of the target enzyme. The resistant Minot and Chester accessions were not affected by treatment with 175 g ha−1 chlorsulfuron, and I50 values for the Chester accession ranged from 22-fold (metsulfuron-methyl) to 196-fold (chlorsulfuron) higher than the susceptible Bozeman accession. However, the Chester accession was 1.5- to 2-fold more resistant than Minot to five sulfonylurea herbicides, as determined by acetolactate synthase (ALS) I50 values. The third resistant accession (Power) displayed an intermediate response and was only 2- to 5-fold more resistant than the susceptible Bozeman accession to all sulfonylurea herbicides tested. The Minot and Chester accessions were slightly cross-resistant to four imidazolinone herbicides, ranging from 2-fold (imazamethabenz, imazethapyr, and imazaquin) to 6-fold (imazapyr) more resistant than the Bozeman accession, but cross-resistance levels did not differ appreciably between the Minot and Chester accessions. The Power accession was not cross-resistant to the four imidazolinone herbicides tested. The results demonstrate that degrees of ALS resistance and cross-resistance are highly variable among kochia populations: these differences may be due to the type of mutation in the gene encoding ALS.

Characterization of Glyphosate-Resistant Tropical Sprangletop (Leptochloa virgata) and Its Alternative Chemical Control in Persian Lime Orchards in Mexico

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Macrina Pérez-López ◽  
Fidel González-Torralva ◽  
Hugo Cruz-Hipólito ◽  
Francisco Santos ◽  
José A. Domínguez-Valenzuela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Resistance Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Whole Plant

Field, greenhouse, and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate resistance to glyphosate in tropical sprangletop biotypes (Lv8 and Lv9) collected in Persian lime from Veracruz, Mexico. Assays to determine the dose required to reduce seedling fresh weight by 50% indicated a resistance factor (RF) of 4.9 and 3.2 for biotypes Lv8 and Lv9, respectively; whereas the LD50showed a RF of 4.4 and 3.3 for biotypes Lv8 and Lv9, respectively. On the other hand, the RFs using whole plant dose–response assays were lower (RF of 3 for Lv8 and 2.3 for Lv9). The susceptible biotype (LvS) accumulated 5.5 and 11.8 times more shikimate than biotypes Lv8 and Lv9, respectively, at 96 h after treatment (HAT). In field experiments, alternatives to glyphosate-resistant tropical sprangletop management were identified. Indaziflam + glufosinate and paraquat + diuron provided over 80% control of in-field populations of tropical sprangletop at 60 d after treatment (DAT). These results confirmed the first reported case of glyphosate-resistant tropical sprangletop.

Corn (Zea mays) acetolactate synthase sensitivity to four classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Wright ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Enzyme Level ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides

In vitro acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity from three commercial imidazolinone-resistant corn hybrids (ICI 8692 IT, Pioneer 3751 IR, and Ciba 4393 IMR) was compared to imidazolinone-sensitive isogenic hybrid controls for sensitivity to 11 herbicides representing four classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicide chemistry. Acetolactate synthase activity from Pioneer IR and Ciba IMR was cross-resistant to all four classes of ALS inhibitors, ranging from 48- to 5,000-fold. The ICI IT hybrid displayed only four- to eightfold resistance to the six imidazolinone herbicides and the pyrimidinylthiobenzoate herbicide, pyrithiobac, but no cross-resistance to the sulfonylurea and triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide herbicides. The four- to eightfold enzyme resistance to imidazolinone herbicides provides whole-plant resistance; however, the sevenfold enzyme resistance to pyrithiobac was insufficient to afford whole-plant protection to a field application rate of the herbicide. A second imidazolinone-specific resistance allele,XI-12, currently under commercial development, was examined for the level of dominance at the enzyme level. In the heterozygous state, imazethapyr resistance was fivefold, compared to 250-fold in the homozygous condition, indicatingXI-12is a semidominant trait. No cross-resistance to nicosulfuron or primisulfuron was observed in the heterozygousXI-12hybrid extracts nor to nicosulfuron in theXI-12homozygote; however, a fivefold resistance to primisulfuron was detected in theXI-12homozygote.

Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 483a-483
Author(s):  
Roy N. Keys ◽  
Dennis T. Ray ◽  
David A. Dierig
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Reproductive Modes ◽  
Desert Southwest ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

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