Long-Term Study on Tenacity of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water (Distilled Water, Normal Saline, and Surface Water) at Different Temperatures

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (s1) ◽  
pp. 720-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad Nazir ◽  
Renate Haumacher ◽  
Anthony Ike ◽  
Petra Stumpf ◽  
Reinhard Böhm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Different Temperatures

Long-term Monitoring for Avian Influenza Viruses in Wild Bird Species in Italy

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. De Marco ◽  
E. Foni ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
E. Raffini ◽  
M. Delogu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

scholarly journals Persistence of Avian Influenza Viruses in Lake Sediment, Duck Feces, and Duck Meat

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (14) ◽  
pp. 4981-4985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawad Nazir ◽  
Renate Haumacher ◽  
Anthony C. Ike ◽  
Rachel E. Marschang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virus Infectivity ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Influenza Virus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Time Required

ABSTRACTThe persistence of 3 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) (H4N6, H5N1, and H6N8) and one human influenza virus (H1N1) as well as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and enteric cytopathogenic bovine orphan (ECBO) virus was investigated in lake sediment, duck feces, and duck meat at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C using a germ carrier technique. Virus-loaded germ carriers were incubated in each substrate, and residual infectivity of the eluted virus was quantified on cell culture after regular intervals for a maximum of 24 weeks. Data were analyzed by a linear regression model to calculateT90values (time required for 90% loss of virus infectivity) and estimated persistence of the viruses. In general, the persistence of all of the viruses was highest in lake sediment, followed by feces, and was the lowest in duck meat at all temperatures. For the avian influenza virus subtypes,T90values in sediment ranged from 5 to 11, 13 to 18, 43 to 54, and 66 to 394 days at 30, 20, 10, and 0°C, respectively, which were 2 to 5 times higher than theT90values of the viruses in the feces and meat. Although the individual viruses vary in tenacity, the survival time of influenza viruses was shorter than that of NDV and ECBO virus in all substrates. The results of this study suggest that lake sediment may act as a long-term source of influenza viruses in the aquatic habitat, while the viruses may remain infectious for extended periods of time in duck feces and meat at low temperatures, allowing persistence of the viruses in the environment over winter.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Serial Infections with H13 and H16 Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Black-Headed Gulls

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (22) ◽  
pp. 11507-11522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ursula Höfle ◽  
Geert van Amerongen ◽  
Marco van de Bildt ◽  
Frank Majoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
First Year ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Virus Excretion ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

ABSTRACTInfections of domestic and wild birds with low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have been associated with protective immunity to subsequent infection. However, the degree and duration of immunity in wild birds from previous LPAIV infection, by the same or a different subtype, are poorly understood. Therefore, we inoculated H13N2 (A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/7/2009) and H16N3 (A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/26/2009) LPAIVs into black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), their natural host species, and measured the long-term immune response and protection against one or two reinfections over a period of >1 year. This is the typical interval between LPAIV epizootics in wild birds. Reinfection with the same virus resulted in progressively less virus excretion, with complete abrogation of virus excretion after two infections for H13 but not H16. However, reinfection with the other virus affected neither the level nor duration of virus excretion. Virus excretion by immunologically naive birds did not differ in total levels of excreted H13 or H16 virus between first- and second-year birds, but the duration of H13 excretion was shorter for second-year birds. Furthermore, serum antibody levels did not correlate with protection against LPAIV infection. LPAIV-infected gulls showed no clinical signs of disease. These results imply that the epidemiological cycles of H13 and H16 in black-headed gulls are relatively independent from each other and depend mainly on infection of first-year birds.IMPORTANCELow-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) circulate mainly in wild water birds but are occasionally transmitted to other species, including humans, where they cause subclinical to fatal disease. To date, the effect of LPAIV-specific immunity on the epidemiology of LPAIV in wild birds is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of H13 and H16 LPAIV infection in black-headed gulls on susceptibility and virus excretion of subsequent infection with the same or the other virus within the same breeding season and between breeding seasons. These are the only two LPAIV hemagglutinin subtypes predominating in this species. The findings suggest that H13 and H16 LPAIV cycles in black-headed gull populations are independent of each other, indicate the importance of first-year birds in LPAIV epidemiology, and emphasize the need for alternatives to avian influenza virus (AIV)-specific serum antibodies as evidence of past LPAIV infection and correlates of protection against LPAIV infection in wild birds.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure and biological properties of Avian influenza viruses following cryopreservation

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Stegniy ◽  
B. T. Stegniy
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage

Ultrastructure and infectious activity of avian influenza virus (strain А/Chicken/Sivash/02/05 (H5N1)) following cryopreservation and low temperature storage at –20, –70, and –196°C during various terms from 25 days up to 143 months using electron microscopy, serological and virological methods were investigated. Avian influenza viruses strain А/Chicken/Sivash/02/05 (H5N1) is stored in the Collection of Pathogens of the National Scientific Center ‘Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine’ (Kharkiv, Ukraine), which was granted the National Endowment of Ukraine status. The conducted study allowed to reveal on electronograms the ultrastructural changes in AIV during long term storage (18 months) at moderately low temperature (–20°C), in particular loss of glycoprotein of peplomers in the majority of virions. The changes in ultrastructure of the virus samples were accompanied by a loss of hemagglutinating activity during long-term storage of AIV samples at moderately low temperature of –20°C. When storing the AIV samples at –70 and –196°C the virions generally remain negatively contrasted, keep peplomers for the studied storage duration

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