Effects of a high-risk environment on edge-drilling behavior: inference from Recent bivalves from the Red Sea

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/13024 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devapriya Chattopadhyay ◽  
Martin Zuschin ◽  
Adam Tomašových
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Substrate Affinity ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Predation Intensity

Edge-drilling is an unusual predation pattern in which a predatory gastropod drills a hole on the commissure between the valves of a bivalve. Although it is faster than wall drilling, it involves the potential risk of amputating the drilling organ. We therefore hypothesize that this risky strategy is advantageous only in environments where predators face high competition or predation pressure while feeding. The high frequency of edge-drilling (EDF, relative to the total number of drilled valves) in a diverse Recent bivalve assemblage from the Red Sea enables us to test this hypothesis, predicting (1) a low EDF in infaunal groups, (2) a high EDF in bivalves with elongated shape, (3) high incidence of edge-drilling in groups showing a high wall-drilling frequency, and (4) high EDF in shallow habitats. We evaluate these predictions based on >15,000 bivalve specimens. Among ecological attributes, we found substrate affinity and predation intensity of a species to be good predictors of edge-drilling incidence. Infaunal taxa with high length/width ratio have a low EDF, in accordance with our predictions. Predation intensity is also a significant predictor of edge-drilling; groups with high predation intensity show higher incidence of edge-drilling, confirming our prediction. Although water depth fails to show any significant effect on EDF, this analysis generally supports the high-risk hypothesis of edge-drilling incidence because shallow depths have considerable microhabitat variability. Classically the drill hole site selection has often been linked to predatory behavior. Our study indicates that prey attributes are also crucial in dictating the behavioral traits of a driller such as site selection. This calls for considering such details of the prey to fully understand predation in modern and fossil habitats. Moreover, this perspective is important for tackling the longstanding riddle of the limited temporal and spatial distribution of edge-drilling.

Is This Program Right for You?

2007 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Barbara Olasov Rothbaum ◽  
Edna B. Foa ◽  
Elizabeth A. Hembree
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Alcohol Abuse And Dependence ◽  
Motivation For Treatment

Chapter 2 discusses if the prolonged exposure program is right for you and your symptoms, considering the presence of drug or alcohol abuse and dependence, and if you live or work in a high-risk environment. Processes for enhancing motivation for treatment are also explored.Chapter 2 discusses if the prolonged exposure program is right for you and your symptoms, considering the presence of drug or alcohol abuse and dependence, and if you live or work in a high-risk environment. Processes for enhancing motivation for treatment are also explored.

Not a shot in the dark: Low‐cost demonstration of microseismic feasibility in a high‐risk environment

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Waldron ◽  
Julie Shemeta ◽  
Emmanuel Gaucher ◽  
Suzanne Hunt ◽  
Dennis Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Risk Environment

TIME TO DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC URINARY CALCULI IN A HIGH RISK ENVIRONMENT

2005 ◽  
Vol 173 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN EVANS ◽  
RAYMOND A. COSTABILE
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Risk Environment

scholarly journals Collecting Data from a Vulnerable Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sela R. Harcey ◽  
G. Robin Gauthier ◽  
Kelly Markowski ◽  
Jeffrey A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Data Collection Effort

Conducting field research with a vulnerable population is difficult under the most auspicious conditions, and these difficulties only increase during a pandemic. Here, we describe the practical challenges and ethical considerations surrounding a recent data collection effort with a high-risk population during the COVID-19 pandemic. We detail our strategies related to research design, site selection, and ethical review.

The psychological responses of amateur riders to their horses’ injuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Davies ◽  
S. James
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sport Injury ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Psychological Response ◽  
Time Commitment ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Equestrian Sport ◽  
Horse Owners

Equestrian sport is considered a high-risk environment for equine injury. Due to the close bond between horse and rider, it could be theorised that riders may be impacted psychologically by their horses’ injuries, as seen in athletic pairs and with companion animal ownership. The extensive time commitment and responsibility of care within equestrian sport means that horse riders’ day-to-day life is impacted in a way not seen in other sporting or leisure environments, thus providing a unique opportunity to investigate the psychological responses of riders to their horse’s injury. The aims of this study were to investigate the psychological responses that amateur riders experienced when their horses were injured. 308 amateur horse riders (16 male and 292 female, median age 25-30 category) completed the Psychological Response to Sport Injury Inventory (19-item) (PRSII) and questions regarding demographics, investment in equestrian sport, the horse’s injury and the length of rehabilitation. Devastation was significantly affected by the weekly time investment of riders (H(3)=8.255, P=0.041) and the length of ownership prior to the injury (H(2)=7.690, P=0.021). ‘Devastation’, ‘feeling cheated’, ‘restlessness’ and ‘isolation’ were all significantly affected by the length of rehabilitation for the horse (H(7)=70.825, P=0.000, H(7)=37.799, P=0.000, H(7)=37.799, P=0.004, and H(7)=27.486, P=0.000, respectively). These findings suggest that amateur horse riders are at risk of psychological distress when their horse becomes injured. Whilst the industry has developed strategies to support owners following euthanasia which are already in place, psychological support following horse injury may be necessary to buffer psychological ‘devastation’ within amateur horse owners.

scholarly journals The Effects of a High-Risk Environment on the Sexual Victimization of Homeless and Runaway Youth

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Tyler ◽  
Dan R. Hoyt ◽  
Les B. Whitbeck ◽  
Ana M. Cauce
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Runaway Youth ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Deviant Behaviors ◽  
Survival Sex ◽  
Structural Choice ◽  
Gender And Age

Based on the structural-choice theory of victimization, the current study examines the effects of a high-risk environment on the sexual victimization of 311 homeless and runaway youth. Results from logistic regression revealed that survival sex, gender, and physical appearance were significantly associated with sexual victimization. Results from a series of interactions also revealed that the effects of deviant behaviors on sexual victimization varied by gender and age. Although males and females engaged in similar activities, young women were more likely to be victims of sexual assault. These findings suggest that engaging in high-risk behaviors predispose some people to greater risks but it is the combination of these behaviors with gender and/or age that determines who will become victimized.

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