scholarly journals Las características del espacio urbano como factores de exposición al COVID-19 en Ciudad de México

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Héctor Emanuel León Rojas ◽  
Andrés Emiliano Sierra Martínez ◽  
Francisco De Aguinaga Padilla
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Spatial Behaviour ◽  
Spatial Dynamic ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
Social Construction Of Risk

El artículo muestra la interacción entre las desigualdades socioespaciales acumuladas históricamente y la dinámica espacial del riesgo de contagio de COVID-19 en Ciudad de México. El objetivo es analizar la relación en el espacio urbano entre la localización de algunos factores de exposición al virus, identificados en la bibliografía especializada (vinculados con el transporte, la vivienda y el empleo) y la dinámica espacial de los contagios. Con métodos de análisis espacial, se vinculan conceptos de la ecología política y la teoría de la construcción social del riesgo. Se concluye que las condiciones de habitabilidad, el tiempo de traslado en medios de transporte colectivo y los niveles de desarrollo social son factores que determinan el comportamiento espacial de los contagios. Las periferias urbanas marginadas constituyen sitios desfavorecidos, en cuanto a las condiciones de exposición. Abstract The article shows the interaction between historically accumulated socio-spatial inequalities and the spatial dynamic of the risk of contagion of COVID-19 in Mexico City. The objective is to analyze the urban spatial relationship between the location of exposure factors to the virus, identified through literature review (associated with transport, living and employment), and the spatial dynamic of contagion. By using spatial analysis methods and techniques, concepts from political ecology and the theory of social construction of risk are connected. It is concluded that the conditions of habitability, the commuting time in public transportation and the levels of social development are determining factors of the spatial behaviour of contagion. Due to conditions of exposure, marginalized urban peripheries become disadvantaged places.

scholarly journals Measuring Equity through Spatial Variability of Infrastructure Systems across the Urban-Rural Gradient

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1202
Author(s):  
Shrobona Karkun Sen ◽  
Hamil Pearsall ◽  
Victor Hugo Gutierrez-Velez ◽  
Melissa R. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Infrastructure Systems ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Urban Rural

Recent regional research has taken an ‘infrastructure turn’ where scholars have called for examining the transformative ability of different infrastructures in causing systemic inequities beyond the spatial conception of ‘urban and the other’. This research examines the interconnected impact of infrastructure systems on existing spatial inequities through a study in metropolitan Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This study investigates whether the urban-rural (U-R) gradient concept can enhance understanding of the spatial relationship between socioeconomic indicators and infrastructure systems. Indicators of spatial inequalities were regressed against infrastructure variables and imperviousness, as a proxy for the U-R gradient, using multivariate and spatial regression methods. The models show that imperviousness has a positive correlation with the concentration of racialized minorities and a negative correlation with access to health insurance. The study also shows that the predictive power of multiple infrastructures varies across space and does not adhere to urban boundaries or the U-R gradient. The complex interactions among different infrastructures shape inequities and require further inquiry in urban regions around the world.

scholarly journals Does the post-disaster resilient city really exist?

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Paidakaki ◽  
Frank Moulaert
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Housing Production ◽  
Urban Political Ecology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Governance Models ◽  
Post Disaster

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of “resilience” by disentangling the contentious interactions of various parameters that define and guide resilience trajectories, such as the physical infrastructure, socio-spatial inequalities, path dependencies, power relationships, competing discourses and human agency. This socio-political reconstruction of “resilience” is needed for two reasons: the concept of resilience becomes more responsive to the complex realities on the ground, and the discussion moves toward the promotion of more dynamic recovery governance models that can promote socially just allocated redundancy in housing actions, which could be seen as a key to incubating resilience. Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper that mobilizes theories of urban political ecology, social innovation and housing with the aim to examine the tensions between various discourses that steer housing production during post-disaster recovery processes, and put a spotlight on the heterogeneity in the transformative capacity of the various actors, institutions and visions of housing systems that preexist or emerge in the post-disaster city. This heterogeneity of actors (i.e. growth coalitions, neighborhood associations and housing cooperatives) consequently leads the discussion toward the investigation of “new” roles of the state in formulating relevant disaster governance models and housing (re)construction systems. FindingsThe initial stress produced by a natural event is often extended because of long-term unmet housing needs. The repercussion of this prolonged stress is a loss of social progress partly due to the reiterated oppression of alternative housing production propositions. In this paper, the authors conclude that an asset-based community development approach to recovery can provide an antidote to the vicious cycles of social stress by opening up diverse housing options. This means that the recovery destiny is not predetermined according to pre-set ideas but is molded by the various bottom-up dynamics that democratically sketch the final socially desirable reconstruction outcome(s). Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is twofold. By using theoretical insights from urban political ecology, housing studies and social innovation, the paper first builds up onto the current reconstruction of the notion of disaster resilience. Second, by identifying a heterogeneity of “social resilience cells”, the paper leads the discussion toward the investigation of the “new” role of the state in formulating relevant recovery governance models. In this respect, the paper builds a narrative of social justice in terms of the redistribution of resources and the cultivation of empowerment across the various housing providers who struggle for their right to the reconstruction experiment.

scholarly journals Commuting inequality, role of urban structure, and identification of disadvantaged groups in the Mexico City metropolitan area

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-183
Author(s):  
Dorian Antonio Bautista-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Travel Times

Cities in developing countries are undergoing a vigorous urbanization process marked by deep social and economic inequalities, which are reflected in transportation. This study analyzes one-way Average Commute Time (ACT) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, specifically regarding its spatial pattern in relation to the urban center and the differences between cars and public transportation. It also explores the urban structure drivers as well as the social dimension. Results show that ACT is lower for car drivers than for transit users. The curve depicting the relationship between ACT and distance to the center differs between private car and public transit, being semi-flat for the former and an inverted U-shaped curve for the latter. There is a higher spatial correlation for transit ACT than for car ACT. Based on the results from Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and spatial regression models, travel times from TRANUS transport model show that job accessibility plays a significantly inverse role in determining ACT for transit users and car users alike. However, this response is not consistent according to observed travel times from the 2017 Household Origin Destination Survey (HODS17). In regard to population groups, migrants and indigenous populations display significantly longer commute times, especially when using public transit, providing evidence that these groups are disadvantaged.

scholarly journals Where you Live Matters: A Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Javaheri
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
State Level ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Choropleth Mapping ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Mortality Ratio

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused ~ 2 million fatalities. Significant progress has been made in advancing our understanding of the disease process, one of the unanswered questions, however, is the anomaly in the case/mortality ratio with Mexico as a clear example. Herein, this anomaly is explored by spatial analysis and whether mortality varies locally according to local factors. To address this, hexagonal cartogram maps (hexbin) used to spatially map COVID-19 mortality and visualise association with patient-level data on demographics and pre-existing health conditions. This was further interrogated at local Mexico City level by choropleth mapping. Our data show that the use of hexagonal cartograms is a better approach for spatial mapping of COVID-19 data in Mexico as it addresses bias in area size and population. We report sex/age-related spatial relationship with mortality amongst the Mexican states and a trend between health conditions and mortality at the state level. Within Mexico City, there is a clear south, north divide with higher mortality in the northern municipalities. Deceased patients in these northern municipalities have the highest pre-existing health conditions. Taken together, this study provides an improved presentation of COVID-19 mapping in Mexico and demonstrates spatial divergence of the mortality in Mexico.

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