Identification of apple scab and powdery mildew resistance genes in Czech apple (Malus &times; domestica) genetic resources by PCR molecular markers

The presence of genes for resistance to scab (Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) was studied using molecular markers in a sample of 279 apple cultivars from the Czech collection of apple genetic resources. The sample comprised 37 cultivars supposed to have the Vf gene for scab resistance, 97 reference world cultivars and 145 old and local cultivars. Six PCR molecular markers for the scab resistance genes Vf, Vm, Vbj, Vr and Vh and three PCR molecular markers for the powdery mildew resistance genes Pl-w, Pl-1 and Pl-d were used. The marker for the major scab resistance gene Vf was detected in all cultivars supposed to have Vf, except in Romus 1, and in the three small-fruited cultivars Malus Evereste, Golden Gem and Hilleri. The markers of the Vr and Vh scab resistance genes were detected in 22 cultivars in combination with the marker for Vf, in 56 reference world cultivars and in 82 old and local apple cultivars. PCR molecular markers for one or two of the powdery mildew resistance genes were detected in the small-fruited cultivars Malus Evereste, Golden Gem, prof. Sprengeri and Hilleri; and in the larger fruited cultivars Hagloe Crab, Borovinka and Tita Zetei. We did not find markers for the scab resistance genes Vm and Vbj in any of the studied cultivars. They are absent also in the remaining part of the Czech collection of apple genetic resources. PCR molecular markers are useful tools for the identification of resistance genes within apple germplasm collections and can be used to increase the number of sources for disease resistance in breeding programmes.

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MOLECULAR SCREENING OF SOME ROMANIAN APPLE CULTIVARS FOR SCAB RESISTANCE GENES

FRUIT GROWING RESEARCH ◽

10.33045/fgr.v36.2020.01 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 5-11

Author(s):

Mădălina Militaru ◽

Monica Sturzeanu ◽

Adina Iancu

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Scab Resistance ◽

Research Station ◽

Breeding Center ◽

Fruit Growing ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Almost All

Apple scab, incided by the fungus Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint., is a devastating disease of apple reported from almost all apple producing Romanian areas, which causes up to 70% losses of production. Molecular markers were used for detection of scab resistance genes in 22 old and introduced apple cultivars ('Romus 3', 'Romus 5', 'Rebra', 'Rustic', 'Nicol', 'Colmar', 'Colonade', registered by Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti; 'Generos', 'Iris', 'Irisem', 'Luca', 'Ciprian', 'Cezar', 'Remar', 'Valery', 'Real', registered by Research Station for Fruit Growing Voinesti, Dambovita; 'Aura', 'Starkprim', 'Ionaprim', 'Bistritean', registered by Research Station for Fruit Growing Bistrita and old cultivars: 'Domnesc', 'Cretesc'). The presence of scab resistance genes were detected using the molecular markers: AL-07 (SCAR), AM19 (SCAR), VfC for Rvi6 (Vf) gene, AD13 (SCAR) for Rvi4 (Vr1) gene, OPL19 (SCAR) for Rvi2 (Vh2) and Rvi8 (Vh8) genes and OPB12 (STS) for Rvi5 (Vm) gene. The Rvi6 gene was detected in 17 cultivars from different breeding center. The marker AD13 presents in genome of 8 cultivars, such as 'Romus 3', 'Romus 5', 'Generos', 'Iris', 'Irisem', 'Cezar', 'Remar', 'Aura'. The Rvi5 gene was revealed in 3 cultivars ('Nicol', 'Generos', 'Irisem'), only.

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Analysis of molecular markers associated with powdery mildew resistance genes in peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch)xPrunus davidiana hybrids

Theoretical and Applied Genetics ◽

10.1007/bf00224093 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 93-93 (5-6) ◽

pp. 909-919 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

E. Dirlewanger ◽

T. Pascal ◽

C. Zuger ◽

J. Kervella

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Mildew Resistance

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Molecular screening of domestic apple cultivars for scab resistance genes in Greece

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/119/2019-cjgpb ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 165-169

Author(s):

Lefkothea Karapetsi ◽

Irini Nianiou-Obeidat ◽

Antonios Zambounis ◽

Maslin Osathanunkul ◽

Panagiotis Madesis

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Scab Resistance ◽

Molecular Screening ◽

Polygenic Resistance ◽

Main Target ◽

Efficient Control ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Efficient Breeding

Apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis has the most destructive effects among other phytopathogens in apple crops all over the world. The integration of resistance genes from local and domestic cultivars is a prerequisite for the efficient control of this disease and is a main target in efficient breeding approaches. Across Greece, many domestic apple cultivars are reported without deep knowledge about the presence and diversity of scab resistance genes. In this study, the presence of five resistance genes (Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6, Rvi8 and Rvi11) was evaluated across twenty local and domestic apple genotypes, employing twelve molecular markers closely linked to known apple scab resistance loci. Significant differences and polymorphisms among the tested cultivars were detected suggesting that some of them carry a sufficient number of resistance genes. This observed genetic diversity could be exploited in ongoing breeding approaches as a natural source of polygenic resistance against apple scab.

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Ten Years of VINQUEST: First Insight for Breeding New Apple Cultivars With Durable Apple Scab Resistance

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-19-2473-sr ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 2074-2081 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrea Patocchi ◽

Andreas Wehrli ◽

Pierre-Henri Dubuis ◽

Annemarie Auwerkerken ◽

Carmen Leida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Durable Resistance ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

Scab Resistance ◽

Data Points ◽

Resistance Breakdown ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Apple Production

Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is a major fungal disease worldwide. Cultivation of scab-resistant cultivars would reduce the chemical footprint of apple production. However, new apple cultivars carrying durable resistances should be developed to prevent or at least slow the breakdown of resistance against races of V. inaequalis. One way to achieve durable resistance is to pyramid multiple scab resistance genes in a cultivar. The choice of the resistance genes to be combined in the pyramids should take into account the frequency of resistance breakdown and the geographical distribution of apple scab isolates able to cause such breakdowns. In order to acquire this information and to make it available to apple breeders, the VINQUEST project ( www.vinquest.ch ) was initiated in 2009. Ten years after launching this project, 24 partners from 14 countries regularly contribute data. From 2009 to 2018, nearly 9,000 data points have been collected. This information has been used to identify the most promising apple scab resistance genes for developing cultivars with durable resistance, which to date are: Rvi5, Rvi11, Rvi12, Rvi14, and Rvi15. As expected, Rvi1, together with Rvi3 and Rvi8, were often overcome, and have little value for scab resistance breeding. Rvi10 may also belong to this group. On the other hand, Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6, Rvi7, Rvi9, and Rvi13 are still useful for breeding, but their use is recommended only in extended pyramids of ≥3 resistance genes.

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Introgression of the Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes Pm60 and Pm60b from Triticum urartu to Common Wheat Using Durum as a ‘Bridge’

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens11010025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Qiang Zhang ◽

Yinghui Li ◽

Yiwen Li ◽

Tzion Fahima ◽

Qian-Hua Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Common Wheat ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Resistance Breeding ◽

Introgression Lines ◽

Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat ◽

Triticum Urartu ◽

Mildew Resistance

Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), has limited wheat yields in many major wheat-production areas across the world. Introducing resistance genes from wild relatives into cultivated wheat can enrich the genetic resources for disease resistance breeding. The powdery mildew resistance gene Pm60 was first identified in diploid wild wheat Triticum urartu (T. urartu). In this study, we used durum as a ‘bridge’ approach to transfer Pm60 and Pm60b into hexaploid common wheat. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW, AABBAuAu), developed by crossing T. urartu (AuAu) with durum (AABB), was used for crossing and backcrossing with common wheat. The Pm60 alleles were tracked by molecular markers and the resistance to powdery mildew. From BC1F1 backcross populations, eight recombinant types were identified based on five Pm60-flanking markers, which indicated different sizes of the introgressed chromosome segments from T. urartu. Moreover, we have selected two resistance-harboring introgression lines with high self-fertility, which could be easily used in wheat breeding system. Our results showed that the durum was an excellent ‘bridge’ for introducing the target gene from diploid T. urartu into the hexaploid cultivated wheat. Moreover, these introgression lines could be deployed in wheat resistance breeding programs, together with the assistance of the molecular markers for Pm60 alleles.

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Physical Mapping of Pm57, a Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene Derived from Aegilops searsii

10.20944/preprints201912.0322.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Zhenjie Dong ◽

Xiubin Tian ◽

Chao Ma ◽

Qing Xia ◽

Beilin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Binding Site ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Nucleotide Binding ◽

Leucine Rich Repeat ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance Gene ◽

Mildew Resistance

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) is one of many severe diseases that threaten bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and quality worldwide. The discovery and deployment of powdery mildew resistance genes (Pm) can prevent this disease epidemic in wheat. In a previous study, we transferred the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm57 from Aegilops searsii into common wheat and cytogenetically mapped the gene in a chromosome region with the fraction length (FL) 0.75-0.87, which represents 12% of 2Ss#1 segment on the long arm of chromosome 2Ss#1. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq on three infected and mock-infected wheat-Ae. searsii 2Ss#1 introgression lines with Bgt-isolates inoculation at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours after inoculation. Then we designed 79 molecular markers based on transcriptome sequences and physically mapped them to Ae. searsii chromosome 2Ss#1- in seven intervals. We used these markers to identify 46 wheat-Ae. searsii 2Ss#1 recombinants induced by ph1b, a deletion mutant of pairing homoelogous (Ph) genes. Analysis of the 46 ph1b-induced 2Ss#1L recombinants with different Bgt-responses using 28 2Ss#1L-specific molecular markers in the interval FL0.72-0.87 where Pm57 is located, and the flanking intervals, we physically mapped Pm57 gene on the long arm of 2Ss#1 in a 5.13 Mb genomic region, which was flanked by markers X67593 (773.72 Mb) and X62492 (778.85 Mb). By comparative synteny analysis of the corresponding region on chromosome 2B in Chinese spring (T. aestivum L.) with other model species we identified ten genes that are putative plant defense-related (R) genes which includes six coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (CNL), three nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NL) and a leucine-rich receptor-like repeat (RLP) encoding proteins. This study will lay a foundation for further cloning of Pm57, and benefit the understanding of interactions between resistance genes of wheat and powdery mildew pathogens.

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Aegilops tauschii Accessions with Geographically Diverse Origin Show Differences in Chromosome Organization and Polymorphism of Molecular Markers Linked to Leaf Rust and Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2017.01149 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Maciej Majka ◽

Michał T. Kwiatek ◽

Joanna Majka ◽

Halina Wiśniewska

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Powdery Mildew ◽

Leaf Rust ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽

Aegilops Tauschii ◽

Chromosome Organization ◽

Mildew Resistance ◽

Diverse Origin

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Mapping of the apple scab-resistance gene Vb

Genome ◽

10.1139/g06-096 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (10) ◽

pp. 1238-1245 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

N. Erdin ◽

S. Tartarini ◽

G.A.L. Broggini ◽

F. Gennari ◽

S. Sansavini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Markers ◽

Linkage Group ◽

Resistance Gene ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Apple Scab ◽

Scab Resistance ◽

Fast Method ◽

A Genome

Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis , is the major production constraint in temperate zones with humid springs. Normally, its control relies on frequent and regular fungicide applications. Because this control strategy has come under increasing criticism, major efforts are being directed toward the breeding of scab-resistant apple cultivars. Modern apple breeding programs include the use of molecular markers, making it possible to combine several different scab-resistance genes in 1 apple cultivar (pyramiding) and to speed up the breeding process. The apple scab-resistance gene Vb is derived from the Siberian crab apple ‘Hansen’s baccata #2’, and is 1 of the 6 “historical” major apple scab-resistance genes (Vf, Va, Vr, Vbj, Vm, and Vb). Molecular markers have been published for all these genes, except Vr. In testcross experiments conducted in the 1960s, it was reported that Vb segregated independently from 3 other major resistance genes, including Vf. Recently, however, Vb and Vf have both been mapped on linkage group 1, a result that contrasts with the findings from former testcross experiments. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify the precise position of Vb in a cross of ‘Golden Delicious’ (vbvb) and ‘Hansen’s baccata #2’ (Vbvb). A genome scanning approach, a fast method already used to map apple scab-resistance genes Vr2 and Vm, was used, and the Vb locus was identified on linkage group 12, between the SSR markers Hi02d05 and Hi07f01. This finding confirms the independent segregation of Vb from Vf. With the identification of SSR markers linked to Vb, another major apple scab-resistance gene has become available; breeders can use it to develop durable resistant cultivars with several different resistance genes.

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