Legally White, Socially “Mexican”: The Politics of De Jure and De Facto School Segregation in the American Southwest

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Donato ◽  
Jarrod Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
State Level ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Boards Of Education ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
School Officials ◽  
State Statutes ◽  
De Jure Segregation ◽  
History Of

The history of Mexican American school segregation is complex, often misunderstood, and currently unresolved. The literature suggests that Mexican Americans experienced de facto segregation because it was local custom and never sanctioned at the state level in the American Southwest. However, the same literature suggests that Mexican Americans experienced de jure segregation because school officials implemented various policies that had the intended effect of segregating Mexican Americans. Rubén Donato and Jarrod S. Hanson argue in this article that although Mexican Americans were legally categorized as “White,” the American public did not recognize the category and treated Mexican Americans as socially “colored” in their schools and communities. Second, although there were no state statutes that sanctioned the segregation of Mexican Americans, it was a widespread trend in the American Southwest. Finally, policies and practices historically implemented by school officials and boards of education should retroactively be considered de jure segregation.

Mexican American Identity: Regional Differentiation in New Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casandra D. Salgado
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Mexican Immigrants ◽  
Ethnic Identification ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mexican American Identity

Existing research inadequately addresses the variation in Mexican Americans’ patterns of ethnic identification. Drawing on 78 interviews, I address this question by exploring how conceptions of ancestry and nationality shape ethnic identification among New Mexico’s long-standing Mexican American population, Nuevomexicanos. I find that Nuevomexicanos emphasized their ties to Spanish heritage within the history of New Mexico to explain their ethnicity and to construct their identity in opposition to Mexican immigrants. Although Nuevomexicanos varied in their claims to Mexican ancestry, they generally prioritized their roots in the original Spanish settlement of New Mexico to emphasize distinctions in ancestry, nationality, and regionality from Mexican immigrants. Moreover, despite Nuevomexicanos’ persistent claims to Spanish ancestry, they did not perceive themselves as racially White. Instead, Spanish ancestry was integral to Nuevomexicano identity because it enabled them to highlight their regional ties to New Mexico and long-time American identities. Thus, I argue that Nuevomexicanos’ enduring claims to Spanish ancestry represent a defensive strategy to enact dissociation from stigmatized Mexican immigrants. Overall, these findings show that Mexican Americans’ dissociation strategies are contingent on how they define themselves as members of an ethnic and national community. These findings also indicate that “Mexican American” as an identity term is a loosely maintained membership category among “Mexican Americans” because of their intragroup heterogeneity.

Clinically Significant Diuretic-Induced Glucose Intolerance

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 969-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kathryn Lowder ◽  
Henry I. Bussey ◽  
Nancy J. Sugarek
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
American Woman ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinically Significant

Diuretic-induced glucose intolerance is cited frequently as a problem of only limited clinical significance. In certain populations, such as Mexican-Americans, this effect may be much more dramatic. A 50-year-old obese Mexican-American woman presented with a three-month history of increased thirst and frequent urination. A fasting blood glucose concentration of 365 mg/dL prompted initiation of chlorpropamide therapy. A review of her medical history revealed that a thiazide diuretic was started six months previously. A reduction in thiazide dose and potassium supplementation together with chlorpropamide therapy controlled the patient's blood glucose. Subsequently, all three medications were discontinued, and the patient remained normoglycemic during a full year of follow-up. The temporal relationship between symptomatic diabetes and hydrochlorothiazide therapy incriminates the diuretic as the most probable cause.

Before Chicano

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Varon
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts

Before Chicano: Citizenship and the Making of Mexican American Manhood, 1848-1959 is the first book-length study of Latino manhood before the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Mexican Americans are typically overlooked or omitted from American cultural life of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, despite their long-standing presence in the U.S. This book dislodges the association between Mexican Americans and immigration and calls for a new framework for understanding Mexican American cultural production and U.S. culture, but doing so requires an expanded archive and a multilingual approach to U.S. culture.Working at the intersection of culture and politics, Mexican Americans drew upon American democratic ideals and U.S. foundational myths to develop evolving standards of manhood and political participation. Through an analysis of Mexican American print culture (including fiction, newspapers and periodicals, government documents, essays, unpublished manuscripts, images, travelogues, and other genres), it demonstrates that Mexican Americans in the 19th and 20th centuries envisioned themselves as U.S. national citizens through cultural depictions of manhood. Before Chicano moves beyond the resistance paradigm that has dominated Latino Studies and uncovers a long history of how Latinos shaped—and were shaped by—American cultural life.

From the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo to Hopwood: The Educational Plight and Struggle of Mexican Americans in the Southwest

1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr. ◽  
Richard Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
American People ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
American Education ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Mexican American Education ◽  
The Impact

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which brought an end to the Mexican American War of 1846–1848, marked its sesquicentennial on February 2, 1998. The signing of the Treaty and the U.S. annexation, by conquest, of the current Southwest signaled the beginning of decades of persistent, pervasive prejudice and discrimination against people of Mexican origin who reside in the United States. In this article, Guadalupe San Miguel and Richard Valencia provide a sweep through 150 years of Mexican American schooling in the Southwest. They focus on the educational "plight" (e.g., forced school segregation, curricular tracking), as well as the "struggle" (e.g., litigation) mounted by the Mexican American people in their quest for educational equality. The authors cover four major historical eras: 1) the origins of schooling for Mexican children in the "American" Southwest, 1848–1890s; 2) the expansion of Mexican American education, 1890–1930; 3) the changing character of public education, 1930–1960; and 4) the contemporary period. In their discussion they identify a number of major themes that characterize the education of Mexican Americans in the Southwest from the time of the Treaty up to the Hopwood decision in Texas—the landmark case that gutted affirmative action in higher education. These include the exclusion and removal of the Mexican-origin community and its cultural heritage from the schools; the formation of the template (segregated, inferior schooling) for Mexican American education; the quest for educational equality; the continuing academic gap between Mexican American and Anglo or White students; and the impact of nativism on educational opportunity, as reflected most recently in the regressive and oppressive voter-initiated propositions in California and in the legal decisions in Texas. As such, Mexican Americans face an educational crisis of an unprecedented magnitude in the history of racial/ethnic minority education.

They Lynched Mexican-Americans Too: A Question of Anglo Colorism

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Domestic Terrorism ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Border States ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

The act of lynching in the United States was in fact a form of domestic terrorism perpetrated against darker-skinned Americans. Historians have been pressed to acknowledge the lynching of African-Americans particularly in the Bible-belt South in such states as Mississippi and Alabama. The history of Mexican-Americans lynched by Anglo mobs has been for the most part, ignored by Western historians. Said ignored transgressions occurred frequently in border-states including Texas. Approximately 40 years before the lynching of 14-year-old African-American Emmett Till was the lynching of 14-year-old Mexican-American Antonio Gómez. Both were boys accused of Anglo disrespect. Buried in historical archives, the lynching of Gómez was a Mexican-American manifestation of Anglo colorism. Once informed, social scientists and the U.S. society at-large must then readily admit they lynched Mexican-Americans too!

Negotiating Fragmented Subjectivities from within the Archive

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen R. Roybal
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Mexican American Women ◽  
Mexican American War ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This final chapter describes how the women in this study contribute to an ever-expanding archive and cultural history of the Southwest that aids contemporary scholars in understanding the residual effects of colonialism and the reasons why Chicanas/os struggle with fragmented subjectivities that leave them within a liminal, or in-between space. The chapter suggests that Mexican American women in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were precursors to the more radical involvement of women in social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter also calls attention to the importance of acknowledging the importance of gender displacement alongside the physical displacement experienced by Mexican Americans across the U.S. Southwest just after the Mexican-American War in our understanding of Borderlands, Chicana/o, and feminist history.

Mexican-American resistance to school segregation

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Donato ◽  
Jarrod Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Educational Equality ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
School Practices ◽  
Mexican Heritage

Mexican Americans have a long history in the struggle to end school segregation and achieve educational equality. Rubén Donato and Jarrod Hanson trace that history through a series of court cases that show how their fight for desegregation both intersects with and differs from the more well-known struggle of Black Americans. In some cases, Mexican Americans were determined to be White and therefore not potential victims of racial discrimination, even when school practices showed that their Mexican heritage, rather than differing educational needs, drove district decisions. The authors suggest that advocates of desegregation should avoid accepting the notion that segregation is a natural occurrence but should instead broaden their understanding of what intentional segregation looks like.

The American Southwest Audrey Goodman, Translating Southwestern Landscapes: The Making of an Anglo Literary Region (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002, $40.00). Pp. 250. ISBN 0 1865 2187 5. Molly H. Mullin, Culture in the Marketplace: Gender, Art, and Value in the Amerian Southwest (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001, $64.95 cloth, $19.95 paper). Pp. 248. ISBN 0 822 32610 8, 0 8223 2168 3. Curtis M. Hinsley and David R. Wilcox, The Lost Itinerary of Frank Hamilton Cushing (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2002, $50.00). Pp. 450. ISBN 0 8165 2269 3. Hal K. Rothman (ed.), The Culture of Tourism, the Tourism of Culture: Selling the Past to the Present in the American Southwest (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003, $34.95). Pp. 250. ISBN 0 826 32928 4.

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
MARTIN PADGET
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
El Paso ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
American Mind ◽  
University Of New Mexico ◽  
University Of Arizona ◽  
Duke University

Scholars have been debating what constitutes “the Southwest” for decades. Thirty years ago, geographer D. W. Meinig began his landmark study Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600–1970 by stating: “The Southwest is a distinct place to the American mind but a somewhat blurred place on American maps.” For Meinig, the crucial determining factor in constituting the geographical parameters of his own study was the coincidence of Native American and Mexican American settlement patterns in Arizona, New Mexico and around El Paso, Texas. The watersheds of the Gila River in Arizona and the Rio Grande in New Mexico provide the focus of his study of the historical interaction of Indians, Mexican Americans and Anglos through the successive periods of Spanish colonialism, Mexican independence and American rule. The historical geographer Richard Francaviglia has challenged the relatively narrow focus of Meinig's study by calling for a more expansive consideration of the Greater Southwest, which, in addition to the core of Arizona and New Mexico, also includes parts of Colorado, Utah, Texas and the northern states of Mexico. He rationalizes, “The southwestern quadrant of North America is, above all, characterized by phenomenal physical and cultural diversity that regionalization tends to abstract or simplify. The more one tries to reduce this complexity, the smaller the Southwest becomes on one's mental map.”2

Migraine Trigger Factors in a Non-Clinical Mexican-American Population in San Diego County: Implications for Etiology

Cephalalgia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC Turner ◽  
CA Molgaard ◽  
CH Gardner ◽  
JF Rothrock ◽  
PE Stang
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
San Diego County ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weather Changes ◽  
Mexican American Population

We conducted an investigation of migraine headache in a general population of Mexican-Americans living in San Diego county. Specific headache triggers were reported and analyzed, the most frequently reported for females with migraine being missing meals (58.9%), weather changes (54.4%), menstruation (53.6%), post-crisis letdown (52.7%), and fatigue (51.8%). The most frequently reported trigger factors for migraines reported by males were fatigue (58.8%), sleep (as a precipitating factor) (56.3%), post-crisis letdown (41.2%), and weather changes (37.5%). Trigger factors were further evaluated using stratification by presence or absence of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP), menstrual migraine, family history of migraine, and by migraine type. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. These results suggest that subjects with migraine and RP (perhaps indicative of a systematic vascular tone disorder) and those with menstrual migraine (indicative of sensitivity to hormonal changes) may overall be more sensitive to certain environmental stimuli, particularly those involving change in the internal environment.

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