Characteristics of two complex rock and glacier avalanches and RAMMS simulation of a long-runout disaster in the Sedongpu Basin of the Yarlung Zangbo River downstream in October 2018, Tibet, China

On October 17 and 29, 2018, two rock and glacier avalanches occurred on the western slope of the Sedongpu Basin upstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the Tibetan Plateau, forming the disaster chains and causing damage to many bridges and roads. Based on the comparative analysis of multiple pre-and post-remote sensing images, the initial sliding body, which was composed of rock and glacial material, was located on a steep slope above an elevation of 6000 m. Under the coupling effect of multiple factors such as gravity, rainfall, and weather changes, the initial sliding body detached from the source zone and then transformed into a debris flow after impact and fragmentation. The debris flow traveled downstream and scraped loose glacial till in its path, causing the volume of the sliding body to increase. In addition, the debris flow traveled 10 km under low frictional resistance, as a result of the lubrication via early rainfall and glacial meltwater. Eventually, the debris flow rushed out onto the valley floor, forming a landslide dam and blocking the Yarlung Zangbo River. The deposit volumes on October 17 and 29 were 20.4 million m3 and 10.1 million m3, respectively, with a total mean thickness of ~22m. This study provides an insight into the dynamic process as they unfolded, through multitemporal satellite imagery and numerical simulation. Furthermore, we also discuss the potential cause of rock/ice avalanche and disaster scenarios, as well as the tendency of the rock and glacier avalanches are discussed.

IoT-Ready Temperature Probe for Smart Monitoring of Forest Roads

Currently, we are experiencing an ever-increasing demand for high-quality transportation in the distinctive natural environment of forest roads, which can be characterized by significant weather changes. The need for more effective management of the forest roads environment, a more direct, rapid response to fire interventions and, finally, the endeavor to expand recreational use of the woods in the growth of tourism are among the key factors. A thorough collection of diagnostic activities conducted on a regular basis, as well as a dataset of long-term monitored attributes of chosen sections, are the foundations of successful road infrastructure management. Our main contribution to this problem is the design of a probe for measuring the temperature profile for utilization in stand-alone systems or as a part of an IoT solution. We have addressed the design of the mechanical and electrical parts with emphasis on the accuracy of the sensor layout in the probe. Based on this design, we developed a simulation model, and compared the simulation results with the experimental results. An experimental installation was carried out which, based on measurements to date, confirmed the proposed probe meets the requirements of practice and will be deployed in a forest road environment.

Problems of financing sources for environmental protection in strategic documents of the European Union and Poland in the new financial perspective for 2021–2027

Motivation: Over the past two decades, the world, and Poland with it, has faced a huge challenge of transforming its economy towards climate neutrality. The observed effects of climate change, such as abrupt weather changes (prolonged droughts, sudden downpours), increase in average temperatures, environmental pollution, call for systemic and social actions. It should be clearly noted that the responsibility for actions aimed at environmental protection is borne not only by public administration (central and local government), but also by the private sector, as the one using and influencing the environment. The year 2020 brought an unexpected global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. MFF procedures developed up to that time were modified. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the preparation of legislation, programs, and rules for obtaining funds from them for project implementation. Many legislative works have been postponed, causing delays. The fact of the pandemic has led to the implementation of the Instrument for Reconstruction and Enhancing Resilience, which includes large-scale financial support for public investments and areas such as green and digital projects, in addition to the regular financial perspective. Support will be provided in the form of loans (EUR 360 billion) and grants (EUR 312.5 billion). Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the financial instruments covered by the European Union financial perspectives 2021–2027 with 2014–2020 in the context of environmental funding sources in Poland. Results: Both in the financial perspective 2014–2020 and the new one for 2021–2027, environmental protection issues are one of the main priorities. The continuity of previous structural funds has been preserved and supplemented with new instruments in response to the unprecedented socio-economic situation that has arisen as a result of the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As a result of negotiations, EUR 76 billion will be made available to Poland under the EU’s cohesion policy and the Fund for Equitable Transformation, whereas in the previous one the amount was EUR 85.2 billion. The allocation of funds and the directions of spending will not only result from Poland’s development needs, but also (and perhaps above all) from the modified priorities of the Union as a response to the health situation of the EU community after the pandemic and the continuation of existing activities related to research, innovation, digitization, climate and the environment. The launch of individual programmes will allow ongoing analysis and evaluation of both the solutions adopted in strategic documents and their effects.

MANAGEMENT OF HERPES LABIALIS TRIGGERED BY STRESS

Introduction : Herpes Labialis is the most common form of orofacial herpes, beginning with a feeling of vesicle formation at the vermilion margin of the lips and the surrounding area within 24 hours and then rupture, superficial erosion occurs which is then covered with crusts. Herpes labialis occurs in 50-75% of individuals exposed to HSV-1 infection in the oral cavity and often has a recurrence followed by prodromal symptoms. Reactivation can occur due to triggers in the form of decreased immune conditions due to weather changes, fever, sun exposure, emotional stress, trauma, menstruation, systemic diseases, allergies, and immunosuppression. Case: 22 years old female with a complaint of a wound on the angular lip, initially the patient had a fever for 2 days then a fluid-filled blister appeared which then rupture. Case Treatment: The diagnosis is made using anamnesis, clinical and supporting examination. CBC and Antybody Titer HSV-1 show value under normal for eosinophil and reactive for IgG HSV-1 established. Patient take medicine topical antiinflammation 3 time a day and multivitamins 1 time a day. Discussion: HSV-1 infektion is latent and can reaktivation. Under Stress Condition can caused a reduced circulating population of immune cells such as IL-6, TNFα, Lymphocites B, NK cell, dan Monocytes which HSV-1 Reactivation. Conclucion: Management in case can be successful if the clinician understand HSV-1 Infection Manifestation and added Suporting Examination. In Addition, cooperation from the patien is needed to manage stress so that the disease no more recurrence.

The effectiveness of SuDS measures in reducing the rainwater runoff from urbanized areas

Over the last few years, climate change is one of the most important phenomena in the 21st century. It is bringing significant changes and negatively affecting the environment. This unwanted phenom causes substantial changes in climatic and hydrological characteristics that are manifested mainly in urban agglomerations. It affects extreme weather changes, the occurrence of natural disasters, water shortages, and other phenomena threatening the quality of the environment. On the other hand, there are measures close to nature based on the sustainable development of urbanized areas. Their main goal is to reduce the volume and rate of runoff and the concentration of undesirable substances in rain runoff from urban areas. Therefore, in the research study, we focus on evaluating published studies that have adopted the SuDS practices. We will compare the effectiveness of SuDS measures in capturing flood peak from surface runoff, pollution loads, and their impact on water quality. The result of this study could help select SuDS measures depending on the need to address the problem in the river basin.

Geochemistry of the Dust Collected by Passive Samplers as a Tool for Search of Pollution Sources: The Case of Klaipėda Port, Lithuania

Geochemical investigations of total suspended particulates (TSP) help detect hotspots and emission sources in port cities with stevedoring operations. The aim was to reveal these sources via geochemical indices (gI). TSP were collected in Klaipėda using original passive samplers in ten sites during four periods, during one of them, in ten additional sites near iron ore stevedoring (IOS). The contents of 22 elements (PHEs, crustal, Br, Cl) were determined by EDXRF in TSP and characteristic dust (CD) of stevedored iron ore, apatite, phosphorite, potassium fertilizers, and in waste incineration ash. Median Fe content in TSP near IOS was ~29%. The significant anthropogenic origin of clusters Fe–Cr, Sr–P, V–Ni–Zn–Cu, Pb–As, and Mg–Ca, Br–S–Cl was confirmed by gI mapping and analysis of CD. Significant temporal variability of Cl, S, Sr, Ni, Br, V, and Zn due to weather changes was revealed. Near IOS, significantly higher values of gI were found for Fe and Cr, while far from IOS, for K, Sr, Ti, Rb, Cu, Al, Si, Zr, Ca, Mg. Significantly higher values of normalized enrichment factor near IOS were not only for Fe and Cr, but also for As, Pb, S, Mn, Br, and Cl.

Decentralized solar photovoltaic battery based mini-grid for rural electrification in Tanzania: (Is Sharing Caring?)

<p><b>Access to energy enables social and economic development in rural areas. Renewable energy resource technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) have been integrated with mini-grids to electrify a number of remote/rural areas and reduce carbon emission. Solar photovoltaic energy has become a popular source of electricity over the decades. However, its efficiency is limited due to its intermittency characteristic caused by weather changes. Many technologies have been developed to tackle this challenge, for example, storage and hybrid systems. This thesis investigates whether decentralizing PV systems in mini-grids could reduce the inefficiencies caused by weather changes. This includes studying power interaction between decentralized locations and exploring different topology scenarios. This was achieved designing and modelling a decentralized PV battery based mini-grid in Tanzania’s rural areas where the main grid is limited.</b></p> <p>The mini-grid was modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and OpenDSS Software. This research designed a mini-grid model connecting five different located villages with SPV arrays and battery storage. SOLCAST database was used to obtain solar irradiation. A questionnaire was used get each village’s energy requirements.</p> <p>Results suggest that decentralized PV systems could reduce the effect of intermittency slightly, depending on the nature of the weather conditions of the locations. Also, this thesis has shown that grid connected mini-grids without storage could have both optimal technical and economic benefits compared to those with storage. This can be achieved when the price of grid energy is comparable or less than to PV energy. However, standalone mini-grids could be more attractive to rural areas, where the main grid is not in place, if it is sufficiently designed according to the location’s requirements.</p>

Decentralized solar photovoltaic battery based mini-grid for rural electrification in Tanzania: (Is Sharing Caring?)

<p><b>Access to energy enables social and economic development in rural areas. Renewable energy resource technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) have been integrated with mini-grids to electrify a number of remote/rural areas and reduce carbon emission. Solar photovoltaic energy has become a popular source of electricity over the decades. However, its efficiency is limited due to its intermittency characteristic caused by weather changes. Many technologies have been developed to tackle this challenge, for example, storage and hybrid systems. This thesis investigates whether decentralizing PV systems in mini-grids could reduce the inefficiencies caused by weather changes. This includes studying power interaction between decentralized locations and exploring different topology scenarios. This was achieved designing and modelling a decentralized PV battery based mini-grid in Tanzania’s rural areas where the main grid is limited.</b></p> <p>The mini-grid was modelled using MATLAB/Simulink and OpenDSS Software. This research designed a mini-grid model connecting five different located villages with SPV arrays and battery storage. SOLCAST database was used to obtain solar irradiation. A questionnaire was used get each village’s energy requirements.</p> <p>Results suggest that decentralized PV systems could reduce the effect of intermittency slightly, depending on the nature of the weather conditions of the locations. Also, this thesis has shown that grid connected mini-grids without storage could have both optimal technical and economic benefits compared to those with storage. This can be achieved when the price of grid energy is comparable or less than to PV energy. However, standalone mini-grids could be more attractive to rural areas, where the main grid is not in place, if it is sufficiently designed according to the location’s requirements.</p>

The Isolation, Selection and Determination of Endophytic Bacteria from Bamboo, Gamal, Tulsi, and Alamanda

Endophytic bacteria have many benefits, including increasing plant growth by producing phytohormones, increasing the production of mineral absorption, nitrogen fixation, reducing damage due to weather changes and increasing plant resistance to disease. Based on the above, it is necessary to select endophytic bacteria from various plants to be used as biocontrol agents. This study aims to obtain endophytic bacterial isolates that have the potential as biocontrol agents and plant growth supporters from bamboo shoots, Gamal, Tulsi, Lotus, and Alamanda. This research method includes sampling, endophytic bacteria isolation, hypersensitive, hemolysis, phosphate solvent, chitinolytic, proteolytic, and antagonist tests. Isolation of endophytic bacteria in 5 plants using 22 plant parts had a diversity of isolates. The isolated plant parts produced 1 to 7 isolates that had different morphology. The total isolates obtained were 59 isolates. In antagonistic observations, there was one isolate of endophytic bacteria that showed a clear zone when tested together with S. rolfsii, namely the isolate with code A24 from allamanda flower. From the data obtained, it is known that the endophytic bacterial isolates had an effect on inhibiting the growth of the pathogenic fungus S. roflsii, the endophytic bacterial isolates Consortium, A21 and the endophytic bacterial isolates A22 had no incidence of disease, while the bacterial isolates T00 (Bx) with an average disease incidence of 40% and 30% disease intensity. Meanwhile isolates A23, A24 and A25 had an average disease incidence ranging from 13.3%-26.6%, while controls had the highest disease incidence, namely 53.3% and disease intensity 66.6%.