Gaps in life expectancy between persons with high and low educational attainment at age 30 in selected EU countries

How's Life? ◽  
2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Eu Countries

DISABILITY LIFE EXPECTANCY FOR THE ELDERLY, CITY OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL, 2000: GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENCES

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIRELA CASTRO SANTOS CAMARGOS ◽  
CARLA JORGE MACHADO ◽  
ROBERTO DO NASCIMENTO RODRIGUES
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Past Experiences

Summary.There is evidence that ‘health life expectancy’ (expected number of years to be lived in health) differs by socioeconomic status. Time spent in health or disability plays a critical role in the use of health care services. The objective of this study was to estimate ‘disability life expectancy’ by age, gender and education attainment for the elderly of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in the year 2000. Data came from the SABE database, population censuses and mortality statistics (SEADE Foundation). Life expectancy with disability was calculated using Sullivan’s method on the basis of the current probability of death and prevalence of disability by educational level. The prevalence of disability increased with age, for both sexes and both levels of educational attainment studied. Men showed a lower prevalence of disability, in general, and persons with lower educational attainment showed a higher prevalence of disability. Regarding life expectancy, women could expect to live longer than men, with and without disability. For both sexes, the percentage of life expectancy lived with disability decreased with increasing educational attainment. With increasing educational attainment, the sex differences in the percentage of remaining years to be lived with disability increased for most ages. Finally, the percentage of remaining years to be lived with disability increased with age for males and females, except for males with high educational attainment between the ages 70–75 and 75–80. The results may serve as a guide for public policies in the country, since health problems faced by older persons, such as disability, are the result of a number of past experiences during their life-times, such as health care, housing conditions, hygiene practices and education. Education influences health behaviours and is related, to some extent, to all these factors. Therefore, improvements in education for the disadvantaged may improve health.

scholarly journals The Age of Milton Friedman

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Shleifer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Milton Friedman ◽  
The World

Between 1980 and 2005, as the world embraced free market policies, living standards rose sharply, while life expectancy, educational attainment, and democracy improved and absolute poverty declined. Is this a coincidence? A collection of essays edited by Balcerowicz and Fischer argues that indeed reliance on free market forces is key to economic growth. A book by Stiglitz and others disagrees. I review and compare the two arguments.

scholarly journals Modifiable traits, healthy behaviours, and leucocyte telomere length

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Bountziouka ◽  
Crispin Musicha ◽  
Elias Allara ◽  
Stephen Kaptoge ◽  
Qingning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Sufficient Magnitude

Background: Telomere length is associated with risk of several age-related diseases and cancers. The extent to which telomere length may be modifiable through lifestyle and behaviour and whether this has any clinical consequences is unknown. Methods: In up to 422,797 participants in UK Biobank, we investigated associations of leucocyte telomere length (LTL) with 117 potentially modifiable traits, as well as two indices of healthy behaviours incorporating smoking, physical activity, diet, maintenance of a healthy body weight and alcohol intake. Associations were interpreted as age-related change in LTL by dividing the trait beta coefficients with the age-coefficient. We used Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to test causality of the observed associations of educational attainment and smoking behaviour with LTL. We investigated whether the associations of LTL with 22 diseases were modified by the number of healthy behaviours and the extent to which the associations of more healthy behaviours with greater life expectancy and lower risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) may be mediated through LTL. Results: 71 traits showed significant associations with LTL but most were modest, equivalent to <1 year of age-related change in LTL. In multivariable analyses of 17 traits with stronger associations (equivalent to ≥2 years of age-related change in LTL), five traits (oily fish intake, educational attainment, general health status, walking pace and current smoking) remained significant. MR analysis suggested that educational attainment and smoking behaviour causally affect LTL. Both indices of healthy behaviour were positively and linearly associated with LTL, with those with the healthiest behaviour having longer LTL equivalent to approx. 3.5 years of age-related change in LTL when compared with those with the least heathy behaviours (P<0.001). However, healthy behaviours only explained <0.2% of the total variation in LTL and did not significantly modify the association of LTL with risk of any of the diseases studied. Neither the association of more healthy behaviours on greater life expectancy or lower risk of CAD were substantially mediated through LTL. Conclusions: Several potentially modifiable traits and healthy behaviours have a quantifiable association with LTL, at least some of which are likely to be causal. However, these effects are not of a sufficient magnitude to substantially alter the association between LTL and various diseases or life expectancy.

Wykształcenie jako czynnik determinujący długość życia

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-110
Author(s):  
Marek Kunasz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Human Capital Investments ◽  
The Eu

The paper contains analyses of life expectancy mainly in the context of its relation to the level of individual’s education. The data was referred to the specific Eurostat researches which take the above mentioned criterion of population’s division into consideration. 14 EU countries (including Poland) and 2 countries, which are not in the EU territory, were included in the research. The project was carried out from 2007 to 2010. The life expectancy of 30‑year‑old individuals was examined, assuming that the first effects of investment in the human capital connected with education are revealed at this age (deliberations were set in the economic theory of the human capital). Keywords: human capital, investments in human capital, health in theory of human capital, education, life expectancy.

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