scholarly journals Observations on the fermentation of carbohydrates along the gastro-intestinal tract of a fistulated cow.

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
B.D.E. Gaillard ◽  
A.T. van 't Klooster
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Cellulose Fermentation ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

One cow was provided with cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum. Three experimental rations were offered: 1, hay 7 kg/day and concentrate 6; 2, hay 3 kg/day, paper pulp 3 and concentrate 3.7; 3, fresh grass 11 kg DM/day. Rations 2 and 2 were given twice daily and 3 was offered more frequently. Experimental periods were 5 days in experiment 1 and 7 days in 2 and 3. Samples were taken from each cannula every 2 h for 5 days. Faeces were collected in each period. Flow rate of the intestinal contents was measured with polyethylene glycol and chromium sesquioxide as markers. Carbohydrates in the feed, digesta and faeces were fractionated according to solubility into ethanol-soluble sugars, alpha -glucose polymers, fructosan, water-soluble polysaccharides other than alpha -glucose polymers and fructosan, neutral-detergent-soluble polysaccharides and neutral-detergent residue. Sugars, sialic and uronic acids were measured in the hydrolysates and the sugars were separated chromatographically.Most of the ethanol-soluble sugars and all the fructosan was digested in the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum, considered collectively as the stomach. Digestion of alpha -glucose polymer occurred mainly in the stomach and only 5 to 10% was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon. The hay and concentrate ration contained more starch than the others and a higher proportion of this was digested in the small intestine and caecum with colon (20.3 and 6.8% of the digestible starch). The water-soluble fraction was digested mostly in the stomach; on rations 1 and 3 more component carbohydrates disappeared from the small intestine than the caecum with colon. Bacterial polysaccharides were thought to be digested in the small intestine and some bacterial growth was indicated, particularly on ration 2 which contained large amounts of cellulose. Fermentation and addition of bacterial polysaccharides and mucus confused the picture of digestion of the neutral-detergent-soluble fraction, but on all 3 rations it was higher in the small intestine than in the caecum with colon. The neutral-detergent residue was mainly fermented in the stomach and the caecum with colon. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-19 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Benagiano ◽  
F. A. Kincl ◽  
F. Zielske ◽  
N. Wiqvist ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Fraction ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACT 3H-labelled androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and 14C-labelled testosterone were administered at laparotomy into the intact foeto-placental circulation and the principal metabolites present in the placenta and various foetal tissues were isolated and identified. Five subjects were investigated; all foetuses were females. Except in the liver, where there was a complete interconversion, in all tissues more testosterone was converted into androstenedione than vice versa. The following unconjugated (ether soluble) metabolites were isolated: 5β-androstane-3,17-dione from the liver, gastro-intestinal tract and residual foetal tissues; 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one (liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (liver); 5α-androstane-3,17-dione (lungs, gastro-intestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (lungs, gastro-intestinal tract, residual foetal tissues); 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (adrenals); oestrone (placenta and combined foetal tissues); 17β-oestradiol (placenta); oestriol (placenta). The following metabolites were isolated from the conjugated (water soluble) fraction of the liver: testosterone, 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, 3β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, oestriol. In addition, oestrone was isolated from the aqueous phase of the placentas, oestrone, 17β-oestradiol and oestriol from the aqueous phase of the combined foetal tissues, and 15α-hydroxy-oestradiol was detected and characterized in the extracts of placentas and livers. A high degree of enzymic stereospecificity in the reduction of the administered androstenedione and testosterone was observed in the various foetal tissues: 3α,5β-forms were predominant in the liver, with little, if any 3α,5α-forms present. In the lungs and residual foetal tissues, 3α,5α-products were predominant, whereas in the extracts of the gastrointestinal tract both types of reduction products were present in approximately equal amounts.

The fate of soluble mucin in the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Soluble Enzymes

SummaryExperiments were done to determine the fate of soluble mucins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. Incubation of a soluble mucin with liquor from large intestinal contents resulted in loss of mucin. Some of this loss was due to soluble enzymes. The loss of mucin was less when incubation was with rumen liquor and variable when with ileal liquor.The mean amounts of nitrogen in a soluble mucin fraction which was soluble in trichloroacetic acid (T.C.A.-soluble mucin) were 2·5, 7·3 and 20·0 mg per 100 ml in rumen caecal and faecal liquors respectively. These amounts were only a small proportion of the total soluble nitrogen in these fluids.Amounts of T.C.A.-soluble mucin, measured by sugar content, were greatest in contents from the small intestine. When the amounts of T.C.A.-soluble mucin were compared with the amounts of lignin in the samples, there was an increase between the abomasum and the first part of the small intestine and then a decrease to the caecum. Amounts relative to lignin were low in other parts of the gastro-intestinal tract.The greatest ratio of fucose to rhamnose in T.C.A.-soluble mucin from gastro-intestinal liquors was in ileal liquor. The presence of the two methyl pentoses, fucose and rhamnose, indicates that the T.C.A.-soluble mucin is derived from mucus and bacteria.

STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C19 STEROIDS IN THE FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ermini ◽  
G. Benagiano ◽  
B. de la Torre ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Homogeneous Form ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Conjugated Metabolites

ABSTRACT Tritium labelled testosterone and carbon-14 labelled testosterone sulphate were administered into the intact foeto-placental circulation in two subjects at laparotomy and the principal conjugated metabolites present in the placenta and various foetal tissues, as well as unconjugated testosterone were isolated and identified. More than 99% of the carbon-14 labelled material recovered from the various sources was in a water-soluble (conjugated) form, whereas water-soluble metabolites accounted for some 42% of the tritium labelled material. More than 70% of the carbon-14 labelled material isolated from all tissues studied, except the liver, was present in the form of testosterone sulphate; in the liver it amounted only to some 30%. Exclusively tritium labelled unconjugated testosterone was isolated in a radiochemically homogeneous form from the placental and liver extracts, and from the combined extract of all other foetal tissues. In addition, three exclusively tritium labelled conjugated metabolites were isolated: 5α-androsterone sulphate (placenta, lungs and carcass), 5β-androsterone sulphate (placenta, liver, gastro-intestinal tract, lungs and carcass) and 3β,5β-androsterone sulphate (liver). In addition to double labelled testosterone sulphate, which was isolated from every tissue studied, double labelled 5β-dihydrotestosterone sulphate was isolated from the liver. Moreover, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol was isolated from the liver following solvolysis of the monosulphate fraction and 11β-hydroxytestosterone sulphate from the adrenals following solvolysis and conversion of the product to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione. The testosterone sulphate isolated from the adrenals exhibited the highest, and that isolated from the placenta, lungs and liver the lowest tritium to carbon-14 ratio. It is concluded that significant quantities of testosterone are converted to testosterone sulphate by the foetal adrenals and that neither the foetus nor the placenta is capable of hydrolysing testosterone sulphate. The foetal metabolism of testosterone sulphate seems to be characterized by the formation of 5β-oriented conjugated reduction products in the liver and by the formation of 11β-hydroxytestosterone sulphate in the adrenals.

scholarly journals Phosphopeptides and soluble calcium in the small intestine of rats given a casein diet

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Sook Lee ◽  
T. Noguchi ◽  
H. Naito
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Soluble Calcium ◽  
Small Intestinal

1. Semi-synthetic diets containing 200 g protein/kg were meal-fed for 1.5 h to groups of rats. The contents of the whole small intestinal tract were collected and the amount of soluble calcium was determined.2. In the rats given 200 g casein/kg diet, formation of a fraction containing macrophosphopeptide in the small intestine was confirmed by gelfiltration of the intestinal contents on Sephadex G-25. However, this macrophosphopeptide fraction was not found when casein alone was fed.3. In the intestinal contents at 2.5 h after ingestion, the amounts of both soluble Ca and phosphorus were significantly higher in rats fed the casein diet than in those fed diets containing egg albumin, isolated soyabean protein or an amino acid mixture. However, the amount of insoluble Ca was least in rats fed the casein diet.

INTRAVENOUS SOMATOSTATIN INFUSION AFFECTS GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION IN SHEEP

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. FAICHNEY ◽  
T. N. BARRY
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Mean Retention Time ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
Tract Function ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Intravenous somatostatin infusion to anestrous ewes decreased the weight of all postomasal gut tissues, produced small increases in total 51Cr-EDTA and, 103Ru-phen mean retention times, increased the proportion of the total mean retention time spent in the abomasum + small intestine + cecum/proximal colon and decreased the proportion spent in the distal large intestine. Key words: Somatostatin, gut function, marker retention times

Species of Gastro-intestinal Helminths of Lambs in Northern Ireland

1972 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Taylor ◽  
R. J. G. Cawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Relative Incidence ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Prevalent Species

A survey of the helminths parasitising the gastro-intestinal tract of lambs in Northern Ireland is described. Twenty-four species were identified from the three hundred and seventy-two animals examined, which were drawn from abattoirs in different areas.The major species found in the abomasum were Ostertagia circumcincta, 0. trifurcata, 0. pinnata and Trichosirongylus axei. Nematodints battus, N. filicollis, T. vitrinus and Cooperia curticei were the most prevalent species in the small intestine. Some observations are made on the relative incidence and role in the production of parasitic gastro-enteritis.

scholarly journals FATE OF BILIRUBIN IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Sackey ◽  
C. G. Johnston ◽  
I. S. Ravdin
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Jejunal Loop ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
No Conversion ◽  
Entire Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Per Se ◽  
No Absorption

Since there was no loss of bilirubin from the jejunal loop, and no loss of bilirubin when pigment was incubated with juice from the loop segment, or juice from the entire small intestine, it may be concluded that the intestinal juice per se has no effect in converting bilirubin to urobilin in a 2 hour period, and that in the jejunal loop there was no absorption of pigment or no conversion to urobilin. The experiments showing loss of pigment in the entire intestinal tract suggest that in some place other than the jejunal portion of the intestine the combined activity of intestinal contents and intestinal cells does affect the bilirubin in the intestine. Whether the loss of bile pigment under such circumstances is due entirely to conversion, or to conversion and absorption, or to absorption of bilirubin as such, remains to be answered by subsequent investigations.

THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN LEVEL ON THE NITROGEN ABSORPTION IN THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF DAIRY COWS FED GRASS SILAGE FERTILIZED WITH TWO LEVELS OF NITROGEN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 191-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. MØLLER ◽  
V. FRIIS KRISTENSEN ◽  
P. E. ANDERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Increased recycling of nitrogen to the forestomachs on low nitrogen rations was found. On high CP rations the AAN at duodenum was greater than or equal to the N intake. Apparently absorbed TN in the small intestine was increased on the SBM supplemented ration. No significant difference was found for absorbed AAN fractions. Key words: Nitrogen, cattle, metabolism, gastro-intestinal tract

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