scholarly journals Change processes and driving forces behind urban spatial development in four Norwegian municipalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 148-175
Author(s):  
Petter Næss ◽  
Karen Richardsen Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Change Processes

scholarly journals Leadership and change in a Norwegian school context: Tensions as productive driving forces

2020 ◽  
pp. 174114322096210
Author(s):  
Kirsten Foshaug Vennebo ◽  
Marit Aas
Keyword(s):  
School Leadership ◽  
Change Process ◽  
School Change ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
School Context ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Cultural Historical Activity ◽  
Problematic Situations ◽  
Reflective Skills ◽  
Leadership And Change

This article examines the leadership of school principals who, based on the narrative case of the Blueberry School, discuss how they as principals would have responded to a similar problematic situation regarding a school change process. The study is grounded in the context of the Norwegian National School Leadership Programme. Theoretically, the study is informed by cultural–historical activity theory. The findings exemplify how the principals’ responses encompass various viewpoints and arguments through which tensions inherent in the context of the change process are provoked and displayed. This study has three implications for school leadership and change. First, when principals experience problematic change processes at their school, they should take time to identify the tensions, discuss how to understand them and think through their implications for leadership. Second, leading these types of tension-laden change processes in schools requires analytic and reflective skills and training; thus, steps to strengthen these skills should be included in leadership programmes. Finally, there is a need for research focussing on how to conduct informed analysis to reveal tensions when problematic situations occur in school change processes. This is because informed analysis may lay the groundwork for how school leaders can utilise tensions as productive driving forces in change processes.

A century of change in coastal sedimentary landscapes in the Canary Islands (Spain) — Change, processes, and driving forces

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarón M. Santana-Cordero ◽  
Matthias Bürgi ◽  
Anna M. Hersperger ◽  
Luis Hernández-Calvento ◽  
María L. Monteiro-Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Change Processes

scholarly journals Driving forces of main landscape change processes from past 200 years in Central Europe - differences between old democratic and post-socialist countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Skokanová ◽  
Vladimír Falťan ◽  
Marek Havlíček
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Landscape Change ◽  
Agricultural Intensification ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Land Abandonment ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Agricultural Commodity

Abstract The article compares and points out differences in driving forces of four main landscape change processes that shaped post-socialist countries and old democratic countries of Central Europe during the last two centuries. Studying landscape change processes and corresponding driving forces helps in understanding patterns of present landscape and can help among others in better prediction of future landscape change trends. Here, the presented results are based on review of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2014. Driving forces affecting these processes were grouped into four categories. Economic forces drove mainly agricultural intensification; agricultural land abandonment and urbanisation and were pronounced especially in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. Technological driving forces affected agricultural intensification especially in the 19th century and the second half of the 20th century while cultural driving forces had the biggest impact on urbanisation at the beginning of the 21st century. Political driving forces affected agricultural intensification, urbanisation as well as agricultural land abandonment and were pronounced mainly during the second half of the 20th century in the post-socialist countries. Political forces in the form of subsidies drove agricultural extensification at the beginning of the 21st century. The drivers for the agricultural intensification as well as urbanisation seem to be similar for both old democratic and post-socialist countries. In contrast, agricultural land abandonment in the old democratic countries was driven by technological, cultural and economic driving forces while in the post-socialist countries the political driving forces were mainly responsible. Changes in systems for subsidies and changes in the agricultural commodity markets are also responsible for different frequencies and rates of extensification of agriculture between the two groups of countries.

Solute redistribution during in-situ irradiation of alloys in the high voltage electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 370-371
Author(s):  
P. R. Okamoto ◽  
N.Q. Lam ◽  
R. L. Lyles
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Solute Diffusion ◽  
Solute Redistribution ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Solute Atoms

During irradiation of thin foils in a high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) defect gradients will be set up between the foil surfaces and interior. In alloys defect gradients provide additional driving forces for solute diffusion since any preferential binding and/or exchange between solute atoms and mobile defects will couple a net flux of solute atoms to the defect fluxes. Thus, during irradiation large nonequilibrium compositional gradients can be produced near the foil surfaces in initially homogeneous alloys. A system of coupled reaction-rate and diffusion equations describing the build up of mobile defects and solute redistribution in thin foils and in a semi-infinite medium under charged-particle irradiation has been formulated. Spatially uniform and nonuniform damage production rates have been used to model solute segregation under electron and ion irradiation conditions.An example calculation showing the time evolution of the solute concentration in a 2000 Å thick foil during electron irradiation is shown in Fig. 1.

Chronic Pain: Fundamental Scientific Considerations, Specifically for Legal Claims

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Problematic Relationship

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

Psychological Contract Fulfillment and Employee Responses to Pay System Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine J. Syrek ◽  
Conny H. Antoni
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Pay For Performance ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Affective Organizational Commitment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Psychological Contract Fulfillment ◽  
Pay System ◽  
Employee Responses

Abstract. The implementation of a new pay system is a balancing act that produces uncertainty and draws employees’ attention to the fulfillment of exchange agreements. Transformational leadership may be essential during these change processes. Based on psychological contract theory, we expected that transformational leadership impacts job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment through the fulfillment of relational psychological contracts, while the fulfillment of transactional psychological contracts may be crucial for employees’ pay and bonus satisfaction. We assessed 143 employees nested within 34 teams before and after (24 months) a pay for performance (pfp) system was introduced. Our results supported the mediation hypotheses considering job and pay satisfaction, but not considering commitment. Unexpectedly, the effect on bonus satisfaction was mediated via relational psychological contracts.

From Treatment Brands to Change Processes

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1106-1107
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Change Processes
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