Management of grape powdery mildew with an intelligent sprayer and sulfur

Wine grapes are an important agricultural commodity in the Pacific Northwest where grape powdery mildew (GPM) is one of the main disease problems. The efficacy of different sulfur concentrations and different output volumes from an air blast sprayer retrofitted with the Intelligent Spray System (ISS) were evaluated for the management of GPM. The ISS consists of a LiDAR sensor, Doppler speed sensor, embedded computer, flow controller, and individual pulse-width-modulation solenoid valves at each nozzle. GPM cluster severity ranged from 55% to 75% across all trials in the study when using the ISS at its default spray rate of 62.5 ml m-3 and micronized sulfur at 6 g L-1, which was significantly higher than all other fungicide treatments, but lower than non-treated controls. Similarly, leaf incidence values were highest on non-treated vines, followed by micronized sulfur at 6 g L-1 applied at 62.5 ml m-3 , with all other fungicide treatments being significantly lower in all trials. Using the ISS at the 62.5 ml m-3 rate and a rotation of locally systemic fungicides resulted in the lowest observed GPM leaf incidence, and average cluster severity of 11% in both 2019 and 2020, the lowest cluster severity of all fungicide treatments tested. GPM control using the ISS and micronized sulfur was equivalent to a constant-rate air blast treatment at 6 g L-1 when the spray rate of the ISS was increased to 125ml m-3, or if the concentration of sulfur was increased to 24 g L-1. In those cases, the amount of sulfur applied to vines was at or above the minimum label rate from bloom until the end of the season, or the entire season, respectively. This study has shown that sufficient disease control cannot always be expected when mixing pesticides at the same rate as would be used for a constant-rate sprayer in a variable rate sprayer, especially when using contact fungicides like sulfur . With appropriate adjustments, the variable-rate ISS can be a useful tool to reduce pesticide quantities, water required for mixing, and as a result labor, as fewer trips to refill for a given spray event are required.

Modeling and Forecasting of Agricultural Commodity Production under Changing Climatic Condition: A Review

India is a country with an agrarian economy in which majority of its population rely on agriculture directly as their source of livelihoof. Climate has a very significant role in agricultural production. It predominantly influences growth of the crop, development of the crop and eventually crop yield. Climate also significantly influences the outbreak of disease and pest; it affects the requirement of water by the crop. Possible changes in weather factors, like precipitation, temperature and CO2 concentration are expected to have a significant impact on crop growth. If farmers are able to predict the weather activities and are aware of the effect of these activities on crop production, then it will be beneficial to them as a feasible plan can be devised synchronizing the crop production activities as per changes in the climatic conditions. In view of tackling the aforementioned problem, this article describes various statistical techniques that can play a crucial role in forecasting production of agricultural commodities changing climatic conditions.

Agricultural commodity supply chain during the covid-19 pandemic

This study aims to analyze the agricultural commodity supply chain during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used in this paper is secondary data and analyzed descriptively. The effects of Covid-19 pandemic on agricultural supply chains are discussed, including transportation barriers during the pandemic and government programs to find a way out. Finally, this study showed the policy formula from government to maintain the national food security chain especially agricultural commodity such as guarantee transportation and distribution of food from surplus provinces to deficit provinces to achieve adequate food availability in each province, innovation strategies in the distribution of agricultural products, and create an intelligent and accurate information system.

PELATIHAN DAN PENYULUHAN PENDIRIAN BUMDES DAN KOPERASI PADA KELOMPOK TANI DESA PESISIR BUKIT, KECAMATAN GUNUNG TUJUH, KABUPATEN KERINCI

Agricultural development policies are implemented to improve food security, develop agribusiness, and improve farmers' welfare so that the agricultural products produced must meet the requirements for quantity, quality, and sustainability, as well as being competitive and easy to obtain at affordable prices. The potential that exists in the form of food agricultural products, horticultural plantations, livestock, and agro-tourism development needs to be managed properly through the existence of BUMDes and village cooperatives. Therefore, mentoring activities, in the form of training and counseling on the procedures for establishing BUMDes and cooperatives for the sustainability of agricultural product management, both pre- and post-harvest. This service will provide training and counseling to farmer groups in Pesisir Bukit Village, Kerinci Regency, so that they can establish BUMDes and cooperatives to increase agricultural commodity yields and develop village potential. The end result of this service activity is that farmers can manage agricultural products and develop village potential through BUMDes and cooperatives so that they have an impact on improving living standards.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION OF RED CHILLI FARMER, AT MEREMBU VILLAGE, LABUAPI DISTRICT, WEST LOMBOK REGENCY 2021

Red chili is an agricultural commodity planted by farmers on the sidelines of rice planting as the main agricultural commodity, especially in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. This study aims to determine the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency. The sample respondent as many as 35 red chili farmers in the research area. The analysis technique uses income distribution analysis with three approaches, namely Gini Coefficient approach, Lorenz Curve and World Bank Criteria Approach. The results of the Gini Ratio calculation for the 35 respondents studied, obtained a Gini Index or Gini Coefficient of 0.143, this shows the income inequality of red chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District in the mild or low category. This statement is reinforced by the Lorenz Curve approach and the World Bank Criteria Approach, namely the results of calculations based on the World Bank approach obtained that 40% of the population with low incomes receive an income of 29.6% or greater than 17% (Low Category) of the total existing income. This indicates that the category of the level of income distribution of chili farmers in Merembu Village, Labuapi District is relatively low

Karakteristik Lahan untuk Kesesuaian Tanaman Apel (Malus sylvestris Mill.) di Kecamatan Sindang Dataran, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, Bengkulu

<p><strong>[<em>Land Characteristics for Suitability of Apples</em> (<em>Malus sylvestris</em> Mill.) <em>in Sindang Dataran District, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu</em>]</strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p>Penilaian kesesuaian lahan merupakan tahap pertama dan penting dalam usaha pengembangan suatu komoditas pertanian. Kecamatan Sindang Dataran, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong merupakan salah satu lokasi yang direncanakan menjadi daerah pengembangan apel dengan temperatur udara mencapai 23oC dan ketinggian tempat bervariasi antara 785 – 1.129 lebih m dpl. dengan kondisi tanah yang cukup subur. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan kelas kesesuaian lahan untuk tanaman apel. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survey dan observasi. Parameter yang diamati meliputi karakteristik lahan dan syarat tumbuh tanaman apel. Evaluasi kesesuaian lahan yang digunakan ialah kesesuaian lahan kualitatif, yaitu yang hanya didasarkan kondisi fisik lahan. Metode evaluasi kesesuaian lahan dilakukan dengan mengikuti prosedur dari FAO (1976), yaitu evaluasi kesesuaian lahan ini dilakukan dengan cara mencocokkan (matching) data antara karakteristik lahan dengan persyaratan tumbuh tanaman apel dan hasilnya didasarkan pada nilai terkecil (hukum minimum) sebagai keputusan kesesuaian lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesesuaian lahan tanaman apel yang berada di Kecamatan Sindang Dataran, Kabupaten Rejang Lebong, dari faktor iklim termasuk S2 (cukup sesuai), sementara dari faktor ketersediaan hara termasuk S3 (sesuai marjinal). Hal yang menjadi faktor pembatas adalah rendahnya P tersedia, tetapi dapat diatasi dengan pemupukan sehingga dapat naik kelas menjadi S2. Melalui usaha pemupukan P maka Kecamatan Sindang Dataran memiliki potensi sebagai daerah pengembangan tanaman apel yang cukup sesuai.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Karakteristik lahan; Kesesuaian lahan untuk tanaman apel; Malus sylvertris Mill</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Land suitability assessment is the first and important stage in the development of an agricultural commodity. Sindang Dataran District, Rejang Lebong Regency is one of the locations that is planned to be an apple development area with air temperatures reaching 23oC and altitude varying between 785–1,129 meters above sea level with fairly fertile soil conditions. The aim of the study was to determine the land suitability class for apple plants. The research was conducted using survey and observation methods. Parameters observed included land characteristics and growing conditions for apple plants. Land suitability evaluation used qualitative land suitability, which is only based on the physical condition of the land. The land suitability evaluation method is carried out by following the procedure from FAO (1976), namely the evaluation of land suitability is carried out by matching data between land characteristics and the requirements for growing apples and the results are based on the smallest value (minimum law) as a land suitability decision. The results showed that the suitability of the land for apple crops in Sindang Dataran District, Rejang Lebong Regency, from climatic factors including S2 (quite suitable), while from nutrient availability factors including S3 (marginal according to). The limiting factor is the low available P, but it can be overcome by fertilization so that it can be promoted to S2. Through P fertilization efforts, Sindang Dataran District has the potential as a suitable apple crop development area.</p>

IDENTIFIKASI KENDALA PEMBIAYAAN KOMODITAS PERTANIAN SISTEM RESI GUDANG DI INDONESIA

Abstrak Pembiayaan komoditas pertanian sistem resi gudang belum berlangsung sesuai harapan di Indonesia. Hal tersebut menurut beberapa studi karena masih banyak permasalahan penghambat. Studi ini mengidentifikasi kendala pembiayaan komoditas pertanian sistem resi gudang di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap responden tertentu yang memiliki pengetahuan atau pengalaman pada pembiayaan komoditas pertanian berbasis sistem resi gudang yang diimplentasikan terhadap komoditas pertanian seperti kopi, lada, beras dan jagung. Data yang dikumpulkan diidentifikasi, dikelompokkan dan diklasifikasikan secara terstruktur di dalam pola berfikir strategis dan dianalisa secara analisa deskriptif. Penelitian ini berhasil menemukan faktor penghambat pembiayaan komoditas pertanian sistem resi gudang di Indonesia antara lain: ketidaksesuaian nilai manfaat yang dibangun dengan karakteristik petani di Indonesia khususnya petani kecil; keterbatasan sumber layanan, ketidakcocokan skema dan fitur pembiayaan, harga pembiayaan dan skala ekonomi petani, suplai informasi yang memengaruhi kesadaran pada pembiayaannya. Permasalahan tersebut harus dapat diminimalisasi sehingga meningkatkan aksesibilitas dan kelangsungan pembiayaan sistem SRG pada petani di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Pembiayaan Komoditas Pertanian, Kendala, Sistem Resi Gudang Abstract Agricultural commodity financing in the warehouse receipt system has not performed as expected in Indonesia. According to several studies, it is due to many obstacles hindering the system to grow. This study identifies the constraints on agricultural commodities financing on the warehouse receipt system. The research was conducted through in-depth interviews with certain respondents who have knowledge or experience in agricultural commodities financing based on a warehouse receipt system implemented on agricultural commodities such as coffee, pepper, rice, and maize. The collected data are identified, grouped, and classified in a structured manner in the pattern of strategic thinking and analyzed by descriptive analysis. The study succeeded to identify the barriers that hindering agricultural commodities financing in warehouse receipt system to grow in Indonesia: the incompatibility of the value built with the characteristics of agriculture business, especially for small farmers; limited financing sources, incompatibility of financing schemes and features, financing prices and farmer economies of scale and supply of information that affects awareness of financing. These problems must be minimized to encourage the accessibility and continuity of financing on WRS for farmers in Indonesia. Keywords: Agricultural Commodity Financing, Contraints, Warehouse Receipt System JEL Classification: D46, F6, F61, F65, Q14

Trap or Treasure: An economic history of primary production in Hawke's Bay province, 1945-2010

<p>Comprised of a broad range of primary activities, Hawke’s Bay is one of New Zealand’s foremost agricultural provinces. Consequently, the province provides an excellent template by which to assess New Zealand agriculture and test differing perspectives of staples-led development. Importantly, the province provides a positive example of staples-led growth and this thesis argues that adjustment within, rather than abandonment of, existing primary production structures has been a rational response to changed economic, social and political circumstances since 1945. Most particularly, two essential adjustment mechanisms existed. First, a dynamic process of land use inter-changeability provided the flexibility required for diversification and delivered strong relative investment returns. Second, levels of corporatisation and internationalisation increased significantly as participants sought productivity enhancements, greater scale and additional capital. Crucially, although aspects of classical staples theory are evident in Hawke’s Bay after 1945, the development of the province’s primary sector does not support interpretations of classical theory as a ‘staples trap.’ Therefore, Hawke’s Bay’s multi-polar model of staples-led economic development challenges the notion, typified by Sutch, that primary sector led economic development is undesirable. It is similarly significant that scholars have not previously considered staples theory within a dynamic system of land use change. The history of the Hawke’s Bay primary sector since 1945 enables the consideration of broader issues in New Zealand’s economic history. Tariffs, regulation, deregulation and agricultural subsidies played a prominent role in the province after World War Two, the impact of which permits one to locate the Hawke’s Bay story in the wider history of the New Zealand economy. But most importantly, Hawke’s Bay illustrates the distortions of productivism, a concept backed in the first instance by New Zealand farmers and later pursued by the New Zealand government as a remedy for declining agricultural commodity prices and farm profitability. Historical evidence from Hawke’s Bay suggests that productivism and its policy offspring, most notably Supplementary Minimum Prices, rendered the task of structural adjustment to declining commodity prices and changed market conditions substantially more difficult.</p>

Trap or Treasure: An economic history of primary production in Hawke's Bay province, 1945-2010

<p>Comprised of a broad range of primary activities, Hawke’s Bay is one of New Zealand’s foremost agricultural provinces. Consequently, the province provides an excellent template by which to assess New Zealand agriculture and test differing perspectives of staples-led development. Importantly, the province provides a positive example of staples-led growth and this thesis argues that adjustment within, rather than abandonment of, existing primary production structures has been a rational response to changed economic, social and political circumstances since 1945. Most particularly, two essential adjustment mechanisms existed. First, a dynamic process of land use inter-changeability provided the flexibility required for diversification and delivered strong relative investment returns. Second, levels of corporatisation and internationalisation increased significantly as participants sought productivity enhancements, greater scale and additional capital. Crucially, although aspects of classical staples theory are evident in Hawke’s Bay after 1945, the development of the province’s primary sector does not support interpretations of classical theory as a ‘staples trap.’ Therefore, Hawke’s Bay’s multi-polar model of staples-led economic development challenges the notion, typified by Sutch, that primary sector led economic development is undesirable. It is similarly significant that scholars have not previously considered staples theory within a dynamic system of land use change. The history of the Hawke’s Bay primary sector since 1945 enables the consideration of broader issues in New Zealand’s economic history. Tariffs, regulation, deregulation and agricultural subsidies played a prominent role in the province after World War Two, the impact of which permits one to locate the Hawke’s Bay story in the wider history of the New Zealand economy. But most importantly, Hawke’s Bay illustrates the distortions of productivism, a concept backed in the first instance by New Zealand farmers and later pursued by the New Zealand government as a remedy for declining agricultural commodity prices and farm profitability. Historical evidence from Hawke’s Bay suggests that productivism and its policy offspring, most notably Supplementary Minimum Prices, rendered the task of structural adjustment to declining commodity prices and changed market conditions substantially more difficult.</p>