The Effects of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Arm Crank Time-Trial Performance

This study aimed to determine whether carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAFF) mouth rinsing would improve 30 minute arm cranking time-trial performance. Twelve male participants (age 21.54 ± 1.28 years, height 179.46 ± 7.38 cm and mass 73.69 ± 5.40 kg) took part in the current investigation. Participants came to the laboratory on 3 occasions during which they performed 30 minute self-paced arm crank time trials. On one occasion water was given as a mouth rinse for 5 s (PLA), on another occasion a 6.4% CHO solution was given for 5 s and finally a 0.032% CAFF solution was given for 5s. Key measurements of distance covered, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), cadence and power output were recorded throughout all trials. Distance covered during the CAFF (15.43 ± 3.27 km) and CHO (15.30 ± 3.31) mouth rinse trials were significantly (p<0.05) greater in comparison to PLA (13.15 ± 3.36 km). Cadence and power output and velocity were also significantly greater during the CAFF and CHO trials compared to PLA and CHO (p<0.05). No significant (P>0.05) differences between trials were observed for HR and RPE. CAFF and CHO mouth rinse serve to improve 30 minute arm cranking performance by mediating increasing cadence and power output without a concurrent increase in RPE and HR.

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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing in the Fed State: Lack of Enhancement of Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.19.4.400 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 400-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Milou Beelen ◽

Jort Berghuis ◽

Ben Bonaparte ◽

Sam B. Ballak ◽

Asker E. Jeukendrup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Average Power ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Mouth Rinsing ◽

The Impact ◽

Trial Performance

It has been reported previously that mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate-containing solution can improve cycling performance. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the impact of such a carbohydrate mouth rinse on exercise performance during a simulated time trial in a more practical, postprandial setting. Fourteen male endurance-trained athletes were selected to perform 2 exercise tests in the morning after consuming a standardized breakfast. They performed an ~1-hr time trial on a cycle ergometer while rinsing their mouths with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Borg’s rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed after every 25% of the set amount of work, and power output and heart rate were recorded continuously throughout the test. Performance time did not differ between treatments and averaged 68.14 ± 1.14 and 67.52 ± 1.00 min in CHO and PLA, respectively (p = .57). In accordance, average power output (265 ± 5 vs. 266 ± 5 W, p = .58), heart rate (169 ± 2 vs. 168 ± 2 beats/min, p = .43), and RPE (16.4 ± 0.3 vs. 16.7 ± 0.3 W, p = .26) did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, after dividing the trial into 8s, no differences in power output, heart rate, or perceived exertion were observed over time between treatments. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not improve time-trial performance when exercise is performed in a practical, postprandial setting.

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The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on 30 minute rowing time trial performance

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep140018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 247-252

Author(s):

L. Bottoms ◽

R. Westhead ◽

J. Evans ◽

J. Blyth ◽

T. Sleet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Stroke Rate ◽

Current Investigation ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Maltodextrin Solution ◽

Carbohydrate Solution ◽

Trial Performance

The aim of the study was to determine whether ingestion of 6.4% carbohydrate solution prior to 30 min rowing had any effect on distance rowed. Twelve male participants (aged 22.21±2.47 years) volunteered to take part. Participants ingested either 500 ml of 6.4% flavourless maltodextrin solution (CHO) or water (PLA) prior to exercise. During 30 min of self-paced rowing heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), stroke rate, power output and distance covered were recorded every 6-min throughout. Participants rowed significantly (P<0.05) further during the CHO trial (6,714.2±409.9 m) compared to the PLA trial (6,390.8±448.1 m). Power also increased during the CHO trial compared to the PLA (P<0.05). However, there was no difference in RPE. In conclusion, from the current investigation rowers who wish to improve their time trial performance in longer duration events may benefit from the ingestion of CHO prior to competition.

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Opposition of Carbohydrate in a Mouth-Rinse Solution to the Detrimental Effect of Mouth Rinsing During Cycling Time Trials

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.23.1.48 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 48-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Sharon Gam ◽

Kym J. Guelfi ◽

Paul A. Fournier

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Time To Completion ◽

The Difference ◽

Mouth Rinsing ◽

Cycling Time

Studies have reported that rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution improves cycling time-trial performance compared with rinsing with a placebo solution. However, no studies have compared the effect of mouth rinsing with a no-mouth-rinse control condition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a CHO mouth rinse with those of a placebo rinse and a no-rinse condition. Ten male cyclists completed three 1,000-kJ cycling time trials in a randomized, counterbalanced order. At every 12.5% of the time trial completed, participants were required to rinse their mouths for 5 s with either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO), water (WA), or no solution (CON). Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 25% of the time trial completed. Time to completion was faster in both CHO (65.7 ± 11.07 min) and CON (67.6 ± 12.68 min) than in WA (69.4 ± 13.81 min; p = .013 and p = .042, respectively). The difference between CHO and CON approached significance (p = .086). There were no differences in heart rate or RPE between any conditions. In summary, repeated mouth rinsing with water results in decreased performance relative to not rinsing at all. Adding CHO to the rinse solution appears to oppose this fall in performance, possibly providing additional benefits to performance compared with not rinsing the mouth at all. This brings into question the magnitude of the effect of CHO mouth rinsing reported in previous studies that did not include a no-rinse condition.

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No Dose Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0111 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 25-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ruth M. James ◽

Sarah Ritchie ◽

Ian Rollo ◽

Lewis J. James

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Cycle Time ◽

Time Trial ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Mouth Rinse ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Main Effect ◽

Mouth Rinsing ◽

Maltodextrin Solution ◽

Trial Performance

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of mouth rinsing carbohydrate at increasing concentrations on ~1 hr cycle time trial performance. Eleven male cyclists completed three experimental trials, following an overnight fast. Cyclists performed a ~1 hr time trial on a cycle ergometer, while rinsing their mouth for 5 s with either a 7% maltodextrin solution (CHO), 14% CHO or a taste-matched placebo (PLA) after every 12.5% of the set amount of work. Heart rate was recorded every 12.5% of the time trial, while RPE and GI comfort were determined every 25% of the time trial. The mouth rinse protocol influenced the time to complete the time trial (p < .001), with cyclists completing the time trial faster during 7% CHO (57.3 ± 4.5 min; p = .004) and 14% CHO (57.4 ± 4.1 min; p = .007), compared with PLA (59.5 ± 4.9 min). There was no difference between the two carbohydrate trials (p = .737). There was a main effect of time (P<0.001) for both heart rate and RPE, but no main effect of trial (p = .107 and p = .849, respectively). Scores for GI comfort ranged from 0–2 during trials, indicating very little GI discomfort during exercise. In conclusion, mouth rinsing and expectorating a 7% maltodextrin solution, for 5 s routinely during exercise was associated with improved cycle time trial performance approximately 1 h in duration. Increasing the carbohydrate concentration of the rinsed solution from 7% to 14% resulted in no further performance improvement.

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Beneficial Effects of Ice Ingestion as a Precooling Strategy on 40-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.5.2.140 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 140-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Mohammed Ihsan ◽

Grant Landers ◽

Matthew Brearley ◽

Peter Peeling

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Thermal Sensation ◽

Tap Water ◽

Time Trial ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Crushed Ice ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

Purpose:The effect of crushed ice ingestion as a precooling method on 40-km cycling time trial (CTT) performance was investigated.Methods:Seven trained male subjects underwent a familiarization trial and two experimental CTT which were preceded by 30 min of either crushed ice ingestion (ICE) or tap water (CON) consumption amounting to 6.8 g⋅kg-1 body mass. The CTT required athletes to complete 1200 kJ of work on a wind-braked cycle ergometer. During the CTT, gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin (Tsk) temperatures, cycling time, power output, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and thermal sensation (RPTS) were measured at set intervals of work.Results:Precooling lowered the Tgi after ICE significantly more than CON (36.74 ± 0.67°C vs 37.27 ± 0.24°C, P < .05). This difference remained evident until 200 kJ of work was completed on the bike (37.43 ± 0.42°C vs 37.64 ± 0.21°C). No significant differences existed between conditions at any time point for Tsk, RPE or HR (P > .05). The CTT completion time was 6.5% faster in ICE when compared with CON (ICE: 5011 ± 810 s, CON: 5359 ± 820 s, P < .05).Conclusions:Crushed ice ingestion was effective in lowering Tgi and improving subsequent 40-km cycling time trial performance. The mechanisms for this enhanced exercise performance remain to be clarified.

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Influence of Environmental Temperature on 40 km Cycling Time-Trial Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.6.2.208 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 208-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽

Chris R. Abbiss

Keyword(s):

Core Temperature ◽

Power Output ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

Time Trial ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Cycling Time Trial ◽

Pacing Strategies ◽

Cycling Time ◽

Trial Performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of environmental temperature on variability in power output, self-selected pacing strategies, and performance during a prolonged cycling time trial. Nine trained male cyclists randomly completed four 40 km cycling time trials in an environmental chamber at 17°C, 22°C, 27°C, and 32°C (40% RH). During the time trials, heart rate, core body temperature, and power output were recorded. The variability in power output was assessed with the use of exposure variation analysis. Mean 40 km power output was significantly lower during 32°C (309 ± 35 W) compared with 17°C (329 ± 31 W), 22°C (324 ± 34 W), and 27°C (322 ± 32 W). In addition, greater variability in power production was observed at 32°C compared with 17°C, as evidenced by a lower (P = .03) standard deviation of the exposure variation matrix (2.9 ± 0.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.4 units, respectively). Core temperature was greater (P < .05) at 32°C compared with 17°C and 22°C from 30 to 40 km, and the rate of rise in core temperature throughout the 40 km time trial was greater (P < .05) at 32°C (0.06 ± 0.04°C·km–1) compared with 17°C (0.05 ± 0.05°C·km–1). This study showed that time-trial performance is reduced under hot environmental conditions, and is associated with a shift in the composition of power output. These finding provide insight into the control of pacing strategies during exercise in the heat.

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Effects of Varying Post-Warm-Up Recovery Time on 200-m Time-Trial Swim Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2.2.201 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 201-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Thomas Zochowski ◽

Elizabeth Johnson ◽

Gordon G. Sleivert

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Recovery Time ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Warm Up ◽

Swimming Time ◽

Time Trial Performance ◽

Trial Performance

Context:Warm-up before athletic competition might enhance performance by affecting various physiological parameters. There are few quantitative data available on physiological responses to the warm-up, and the data that have been reported are inconclusive. Similarly, it has been suggested that varying the recovery period after a standardized warm-up might affect subsequent performance.Purpose:To determine the effects of varying post-warm-up recovery time on a subsequent 200-m swimming time trial.Methods:Ten national-caliber swimmers (5 male, 5 female) each swam a 1500-m warm-up and performed a 200-m time trial of their specialty stroke after either 10 or 45 min of passive recovery. Subjects completed 1 time trial in each condition separated by 1 wk in a counterbalanced order. Blood lactate and heart rate were measured immediately after warm-up and 3 min before, immediately after, and 3 min after the time trial. Rating of perceived exertion was measured immediately after the warm-up and time trial.Results:Time-trial performance was significantly improved after 10 min as opposed to 45 min recovery (136.80 ± 20.38 s vs 138.69 ± 20.32 s, P < .05). There were no significant differences between conditions for heart rate and blood lactate after the warm-up. Pre-time-trial heart rate, however, was higher in the 10-min than in the 45-min rest condition (109 ± 14 beats/min vs 94 ± 21 beats/min, P < .05).Conclusions:A post-warm-up recovery time of 10 min rather than 45 min is more beneficial to 200-m swimming time-trial performance.

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