“Ynuvaciones malas e rreprouadas”

2018 ◽  
pp. 151-180
Author(s):  
Karen B. Graubart
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Spanish Law ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Customary Practices

Graubart’s essay explores the ways indigenous litigants in and near Lima sought to preserve notions of justice amid the novelty of Spanish law and the pressures of Spanish colonization. She argues that customary practices, rooted in precontact legality, became interdependent with Spanish law, leading Indian leaders to become skilled at managing a zone of legal “entanglement” that was anything but fixed and certain. Graubart uses wills, as well as Native regulation of agricultural leases, urban residences, and wage labor, to discuss labor, property, and resource management to reveal how Spanish law became intelligible to Andean litigants, who operated through mixed legal languages that allowed them to maintain ideas of justice under colonial rule.

The formation and remarkable persistence of the Oecusse-Ambeno enclave, Timor

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura S. Meitzner Yoder
Keyword(s):  
Regional Identity ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Customary Practices

The Oecusse-Ambeno enclave of Timor has persisted as a geographically distinct zone under Portuguese governance for over three centuries, enduring repeated efforts to undo its enclave status. This article analyses the confluence of economic, religious, and political elements that brought and kept Oecusse within Portuguese rule on Timor. Strong local authorities controlled trade linkages, maintained political and military ties with colonial rule, and wove Catholicism into existing customary practices and hierarchies, forging a strong regional identity that fostered sustained alliance with the Portuguese. Finally, the article discusses the impacts of Oecusse's enclave status over the past century.

Native Insurgent Literacy in Colonial California

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
Steven W. Hackel
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
California Indians ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Indian Men ◽  
Colonial California

The catastrophe of Spanish colonization for California's indigenous populations has made it easy for historians to overlook the skills that some Indians learned in the missions and the ways in which those who survived the missions used these hard-won skills to resist colonial rule and advance their own interests. One such skill was alphabetic literacy, which a select few California Indians in the missions acquired and used in their own distinctive ways. Focusing on the experiences of a few heretofore obscure yet important individuals, this article briefly compares the experiences with alphabetic literacy of Indian men and women over the first few generations of contact and explores the degree to which literacy provided Indians with the means to serve their communities, reinvent themselves, and challenge missionaries’ expectations.

“We Eat with Different Spoons these Days”: The Maintenance of Pastoralism as a Social Formation in the Sahara and Sahel

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Franklin C. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Natural Resource Management ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Customary Practices

Despite the fatalistic rhetoric articulated by Western media and some experts, pastoralists have not disappeared. Drought, disease, famines, civil conflicts, theft, and banditry have certainly undermined livelihoods and forced families of Arab, Tuareg, Toubou and Fulani to settle and seek out opportunities that are not compatible with pastoralism, particularly in urban areas. This situation is not necessarily permanent and varies case-by-case and more significantly generation-to-generation. Some ex-pastoralists abandoned hopes of restocking their flocks but plan for some of their children to become future pastoralists. In addition, despite sedentarization, many retained customary practices of natural resource management, social norms and behaviors and find in the urban areas other pre-capitalist practices that are compatible with their means of everyday tasks and performances. Using the analyses of Tom Brass, Deborah Bryceson and David Harvey an argument is made that while pastoralists have lost their herds and shifted from their customary economy into a proletarian-capitalist one, the path is not unilinear and in fact, is fluid with pastoralists shifting from one to the other in times of dearth and prosperity.

Conclusions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Covey ◽  
Sonia Alconini
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Spanish Colonization

This chapter is an editorial conclusion to Part 7, developing important concepts that appear in the chapters on different aspects of continuity and change in the early colonial Andes. As modern scholars developed their interpretations of the meaning and impact of Spanish colonization, they confronted different facets of the colonial documentary record that grew up around questions of Inca sovereignty and Spanish imperial legitimacy. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the conquest of the Inca took on many different meanings, and authors have presented key themes in distinct ways. Most sources discuss the transfer of sovereignty from the Inca to the Habsburgs, the use of Spanish military force in the conquest of the Andes, the European belief that indigenous peoples were of a weak disposition, and the role of Catholic missionary work in establishing colonial rule.

The Great Basin

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Smoak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Treaty Rights ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
Mormon Church

The Native peoples of the Great Basin live on some of the most arid and sparsely populated lands in the United States. The unforgiving basin environment has long influenced scholarly and popular perceptions of Great Basin Indians. This chapter is intended to historicize peoples who have too been naturalized. Spanish colonization in New Mexico transformed Native life in the Great Basin before the arrival of permanent Euro-American settlement. The subsequent conquest of the Great Basin took place largely through the actions of nonstate power interests—miners, overland emigrants, and the Mormon Church. The incorporation of wage labor was a common adaptation to conquest. Because many basin peoples lacked established treaty rights and/or reservation land bases, they struggled throughout the course of the twentieth century to reestablish sovereignty over their homelands.

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