scholarly journals Phosphorus × Other Plant Nutrient Interactions, Reaction Products, Anion Exchange and Phosphate Fixation in Soil and Strategies to Increase Availability of the Native and Applied P to Crop Plants-A Mini Review and Critique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad ◽  
Yashbir Singh Shivay
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Hydroxy Apatite ◽  
Phosphate Fixation

Phosphorus is a major plant nutrient obtained from non-renewable phosphate rock, which is not much available in India. Over and above in this its recovery efficiency in crops hardly exceeds 15-20 per cent. Utmost care is therefore required in its use. Phosphorus applied to soil gets fixed by the formation of insoluble reaction products by reacting with Fe and Al in acid soils and with calcium in saline and alkaline soils. Two techniques used for identification of reaction products are X-ray diffraction and solubility product principle. In addition, phosphate ions are also held on Fe and Al hydroxides by anion exchange. The reaction products identified are variscite and strengite minerals in acid soils and dicalcium phosphate and hydroxy apatite in calcareous soils. Methods to increase phosphorus recovery by crops include: 1) addition of organic matter to soils; 2) addition of sulphur to compost or to ground rock phosphate or directly to soil and use of phosphorus solubilising organisms including VAM/AM along with ground rock phosphate.

Theoretical equilibrium considerations explain the failure of the maleic-itaconic copolymer to increase efficiency of fertiliser phosphorus applied to soils

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Chien ◽  
G. W. Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Itaconic Acid ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Solubility Product ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Acid Copolymer

Efficiency of use of various phosphate fertilisers is affected by water-insoluble reaction products such as Fe–P, Al–P, and Ca–P in either discrete precipitates or surface-adsorbed forms. A product, maleic–itaconic acid copolymer, has been marketed for increasing efficiency of use of phosphate fertilisers. Field trials have been conducted to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of this product with no measured positive effects. This absence of positive effects can be explained if fundamental principles of chemistry are considered. The negative logarithm of the equilibrium constant (pK) of CaHPO4.2H2O (DCPD) is higher than that of Ca–maleic acid and Ca–itaconic acid complexes. Therefore, the copolymers cannot prevent DCPD formation in calcareous soils. Likewise, because of the pK values of Fe–maleic, Fe–iticonic acid, Al–maleic acid, and Al–itaconic acid are lower than those values for AlPO4.2H2O, and FePO4.2H2O, the copolymer cannot block or prevent formation of AlPO4.2H2O and FePO4.2H2O in acid soils. The results of agronomic greenhouse and field trials can be explained by the considerations of the solubility-product constant or the dissociation constant of cation-chelate for various reactions. Therefore, the copolymer marketed has little value for increasing P efficiency from phosphate fertilisers as claimed by the manufacturer.

Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman ◽  
EA Sumpter
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
American Society ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The compulsive exchange method for the measurement of cation and anion exchange capacities of soil as described by Gillman and subsequently recommended by the American Society of Agronomy for acid soils has been modified to achieve greater simplicity. Though originally intended for the measurement of highly weathered soils, the method has be extended to saline and non-saline calcareous soils, and also to the measurement of the variation of exchange capacity with pH.

Biogeochemical indicators to evaluate pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. R. Reddy ◽  
E. M. D'Angelo
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Nitrate Removal ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wetland Treatment ◽  
Biogeochemical Indicators

Wetlands support several aerobic and anaerobic biogeochemical processes that regulate removal/retention of pollutants, which has encouraged the intentional use of wetlands for pollutant abatement. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of key processes regulating pollutant removal and identify potential indicators that can be measured to evaluate treatment efficiency. Carbon and toxic organic compound removal efficiency can be determined by measuring soil or water oxygen demand, microbial biomass, soil Eh and pH. Similarly, nitrate removal can be predicted by dissolved organic C and microbial biomass. Phosphorus retention can be described by the availability of reactive Fe and Al in acid soils and Ca and Mg in alkaline soils. Relationships between soil processes and indicators are useful tools to transfer mechanistic information between diverse types of wetland treatment systems.

Preferential nitrate immobilization in alkaline soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Rochester ◽  
GA Constable ◽  
DA Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Nitrate Assimilation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Nitrate Immobilization

The literature pertaining to N immobilization indicates that ammonium is immobilized in preference to nitrate. Our previous research in an alkaline clay soil has indicated substantial immobilization of nitrate. To verify the preference for immobilization of nitrate or ammonium by the microbial biomass in this and other soil types, the immobilization of ammonium and nitrate from applications of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate following the addition of cotton crop stubble was monitored in six soils. The preference for ammonium or nitrate immobilization was highly correlated with each soil's pH, C/N ratio and its nitrification capacity. Nitrate was immobilized in preference to ammonium in neutral and alkaline soils; ammonium was preferentially immobilized in acid soils. No assimilation of nitrate (or nitrification) occurred in the most acid soil. Similarly, little assimilation of ammonium occurred in the most alkaline soil. Two physiological pathways, the nitrate assimilation pathway and the ammonium assimilation pathway, appear to operate concurrently; the dominance of one pathway over the other is indicated by soil pH. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor to an alkaline soil enhanced the immobilization of ammonium. Recovery of 15N confirmed that N was not denitrified, but was biologically immobilized. The immobilization of 1 5 ~ and the apparent immobilization of N were similar in magnitude. The identification of preferential nitrate immobilization has profound biological significance for the cycling of N in alkaline soils.

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania)

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Baur ◽  
Cristina Cremene ◽  
Gheorghe Groza ◽  
Anatoli Schileyko ◽  
Anette Baur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Alpine Grasslands ◽  
Gastropod Species ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
The Carpathians ◽  
Steep Slopes

AbstractAlpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high diversity of plants and invertebrates, including Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited food resources, sheep are increasingly forced to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not grazed by livestock and are considered as local biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness, abundance and number of endemic vascular plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians. On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites. Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod species endemic to the Carpathians than ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species were found. In this mountain area, however, grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species richness, abundance and number of endemic plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges for relic plants and gastropods as well as for other invertebrates.

EFFECT OF EDTA AND DTPA ON AVAILABLE-P EXTRACTION WITH THE KELOWNA MULTIPLE ELEMENT EXTRACTANT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W. VAN LIEROP
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Available P ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Simultaneous Extraction ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Regression Techniques

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding either 0.001M EDTA or 0.005M DTPA on the amount of P removed from acid and calcareous soils by the Kelowna and 0.25M HO Ac extractants. These complexing agents were studied for possible simultaneous extraction and determination of available Zn. To achieve that end, P-concentrations removed by these solutions from a group of acid, calcareous, and combined soils were compared against reference values obtained with 0.5M NaHCO3 (Olsen et al.) and the Kelowna extractant (0.25M HOAc + 0.015M NH4F) by means of graphing, correlation and regression techniques. Of the 80 soils studied, 40 were acid with pH (H2O) values ranging from 4.2 to 6.9 and the remainder having higher values up to 9.3. Results indicated that additions of either 0.001M EDTA or 0.005M DTPA to the Kelowna solution increased average extracted P concentrations by about 20 and 60%, respectively. Values removed by either of the new KEDTA and KDTPA solutions were closely related to those extracted with 0.5M NaHCO3 and Kelowna solutions on acid and calcareous soils (r values ≥ 0.96**). As EDTA and DTPA increased extracted soil P, these were added at 0.001 and 0.005M as NH4 preparations to 0.25M HOAc (AADTPA & AAEDTA; without fluoride), respectively, for determining whether these complexing agents could supplant F for P extraction. These solutions removed proportionally related amounts (r ≈ 0.94**) of P from calcareous, compared to the Kelowna and 0.5M NaHCO3 solutions, but relationships were less precise for acid soils (r ≈ 0.76**). These results suggest that the AADTPA or AAEDTA solution should be evaluated further before adoption for routine P determination in multiple element extractions. Key words: Mehlich in, acid soils, calcareous soils

scholarly journals Productive and Physiological Response of Organic Potato Grown under Highly Calcareous Soils to Fertilization and Mycorrhization Management

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1200
Author(s):  
Sara Lombardo ◽  
Cristina Abbate ◽  
Gaetano Pandino ◽  
Bruno Parisi ◽  
Aurelio Scavo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Potato Growth

The enhancement of the actual low yields is the most important challenge regarding organic farming management. In this view, a valid tool may arise by the improvement of fertilization management and efficiency. In this regard, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can play an important role, especially in low fertility soils such as calcareous ones, through a better nutrient uptake and by alleviating abiotic stresses. A replicated-space experiment was carried out to investigate the role of mycorrhizal-based inoculants combined with full or halved fertilizer doses on yield and physiological traits of three early potato cultivars organically grown in highly calcareous and alkaline soils. The results indicate that AMF symbiosis ameliorated, in comparison to the not-inoculated plants, the potato tolerance to limestone stress by enhancing the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/F0) and plant gas-exchange parameters (photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance). Moreover, a significant improvement of marketable yield (+25%) was observed, mainly due to an increase of the number of tubers plant−1 (+21%) and, to a lesser extent, of average tuber weight (+10%). The AMF efficiency was higher applying halved fertilizer doses and in the location where soil conditions were unfavourable for potato growth. Moreover, the qRT-PCR highlighted that AMF colonization was similar in each location, demonstrating their tolerance to limestone, alkalinity and P stresses. These findings outlined that AMF are good candidate to bio-ameliorate calcareous soils and are very useful for improving potato yields under organic farming, limiting external fertilizers supply and environmental pollution.

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