Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman ◽  
EA Sumpter
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
American Society ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The compulsive exchange method for the measurement of cation and anion exchange capacities of soil as described by Gillman and subsequently recommended by the American Society of Agronomy for acid soils has been modified to achieve greater simplicity. Though originally intended for the measurement of highly weathered soils, the method has be extended to saline and non-saline calcareous soils, and also to the measurement of the variation of exchange capacity with pH.

Exchange and solution phase chemistry of acid, highly weathered soils .I. Characteristics of soils and the effects of lime and gypsum amendments

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Menzies ◽  
LC Bell ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Median Concentration ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

Exchange and solution phase characteristics were evaluated on surface and subsoil horizons of 60 acid, highly weathered soils in the unamended state, and on 39 of the surface horizons following addition of CaCO3 or CaSO4.2H2O. Soil solutions from unamended surface samples were dominated by Na (median concentration 0.65 mM), while the other major cations were present at lower levels (median concentrations: Ca, 0.09; Mg, 0.14; K, 0.28 mM). This pattern was more pronounced in the subsoil samples where the median concentrations of the nutrient cations were < 0.05 mM, whereas the median concentration of Na was 0.28 mM. The cation exchange capacity of surface samples was dominated by Ca, Mg and Al, while Al was the major exchangeable cation in the subsoil. Addition Of CaSO4.2H2O decreased soil solution pH and increased electrical conductivity and the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K and Al in the soil solution. The soil solution pH change resulting from CaSO4.2H2O addition could not be predicted on the basis of the characteristics of the soil in the unamended state.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity of Soils/Porównanie Metod Oznaczania Pojemności Wymiany Kationów I Sumy Kationów Wymiennych W Glebach

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Jaremko ◽  
Dorota Kalembasa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content

Abstract The object of this study was to compare the results obtained with four methods of determination of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sum of exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K) in soils. One of these methods is Kappen’s method and the others methods are based on different extracting reagents: sodium acetate (pH = 8.2), barium chloride and hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride. Values measured with barium ions and hexaamminecobalt(III) ions as index cations are very comparable and these two methods can be considered as equivalent. Kappen’s method gives overestimated results, especially for acid soils reach in organic matter and very calcareous soils. Sodium acetate, buffering the pH of the extracting solution, causes increase of numbers of negatively charged sites and particularly those bonded to organic matter and for this reason values obtained with this method are overestimated. Nevertheless, it is possible to correct this error for a given soil sample by regression equation considering pH of soil, clay and organic carbon content.

A proposed method for the measurement of exchange properties of highly weathered soils

Soil Research ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Barium Chloride ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Potential Surfaces ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Barium Chloride Solution ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
Basic Cations

The 'compulsive exchange' method of Bascomb has been modified to allow the determination of cation exchange capacity and anion exchange capacity of soils containing significant quantities of constant potential surfaces. The soil is equilibrated with unbuffered barium chloride solution at an ionic strength approximating that of the soil solution, so that the conditions under which determinations are made are similar to those found in the field. Barium on the exchange complex is then replaced by magnesium when the latter is added as magnesium sulfate, and this is accomplished without altering the solution ionic strength. If desired, exchangeable basic cations can be determined as an additional step in the procedure. Results obtained by the proposed method are compared with other commonly used procedures for determining cation exchange capacity and exchangeable basic cations.

A laboratory study of application of basalt dust to highly weathered soils: effect on soil cation chemistry

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Gillman ◽  
D. C. Burkett ◽  
R. J. Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Soil Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Additional Base ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
Considerable Period

Surface (0–10 cm) samples from 7 highly weathered soils in tropical coastal Queensland were incubated for 3 months at room temperature and at field moisture capacity with basalt dust applied in 2 size fractions: <150 µm and 40 µm. The basalt application was mixed at 0, 1, 5, 25, and 50 t/ha to cover situations of moderate applications as well as where the amendment might be banded to achieve high local concentrations. Basalt dust application caused desirable increases in soil pH, reduced the content of exchangeable acidic cations, increased soil cation exchange capacity, and increased the content of base cations in all soils. By determining fundamental surface charge characteristics of these variable charge soils, it was possible to show that the additional base cations released from the basalt dust were present as exchangeable cations, and that the amounts released were controlled by the number of negatively charged sites available, i.e. soil cation exchange capacity. Selected treatments were then subjected to a strong leaching environment to assess the longevity of the effects obtained. Soil properties remained virtually unchanged by the leaching treatment, except that significant amounts of monovalent K and Na were removed. At the higher rates of application, the amounts of base cations released from the basalt were small in comparison with the actual amounts applied, indicating that the amendment could be effective over a considerable period of time.

Surface charge characteristics and lime requirements of soils derived from basaltic, granite and metamorphic rocks in high rainfall tropical Queensland

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman ◽  
EA Sumpter
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Basaltic Soils ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils

The cation and anion exchange capacities of a large number of soils formed on basaltic, granitic, and metamorphic parent materials in the high rainfall area (approximately 4000 mm) of tropical north Queensland have been examined. Aspects studied included the changes in CEC and AEC between pH 4 and pH 6, the relative amounts of permanent and variable charge over this pH range, and the lime requirements of these highly weathered soils. A distinction is made between the Total Cation Exchange Capacity (CECT), defined as the Ca + Al adsorbed, and the Basic Cation Exchange Capacity (CECB), which is the Ca adsorbed. At low pH, CECB may be much less than CECT. The CEC, increase with pH in the highly oxidic basaltic soils is largely due to changes in surface charge, while in the granitic and metamorphic soils, increasing occupation of exchange sites by Al as pH decreases is the factor responsible for the increase in CECB. A good estimation of CECB at soil pH is obtained with a previously described compulsive exchange method, and there is high correlation between CECT at soil pH and the Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (= Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al). The amount of lime required to raise soil pH to pH 5.5 in the granitic and metamorphic soils was equivalent to the amount of exchangeable Al, but in the basaltic soils the lime requirement was two to three times greater than the amount of exchangeable Al.

scholarly journals Phosphorus × Other Plant Nutrient Interactions, Reaction Products, Anion Exchange and Phosphate Fixation in Soil and Strategies to Increase Availability of the Native and Applied P to Crop Plants-A Mini Review and Critique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad ◽  
Yashbir Singh Shivay
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Hydroxy Apatite ◽  
Phosphate Fixation

Phosphorus is a major plant nutrient obtained from non-renewable phosphate rock, which is not much available in India. Over and above in this its recovery efficiency in crops hardly exceeds 15-20 per cent. Utmost care is therefore required in its use. Phosphorus applied to soil gets fixed by the formation of insoluble reaction products by reacting with Fe and Al in acid soils and with calcium in saline and alkaline soils. Two techniques used for identification of reaction products are X-ray diffraction and solubility product principle. In addition, phosphate ions are also held on Fe and Al hydroxides by anion exchange. The reaction products identified are variscite and strengite minerals in acid soils and dicalcium phosphate and hydroxy apatite in calcareous soils. Methods to increase phosphorus recovery by crops include: 1) addition of organic matter to soils; 2) addition of sulphur to compost or to ground rock phosphate or directly to soil and use of phosphorus solubilising organisms including VAM/AM along with ground rock phosphate.

scholarly journals Innovative BPPO Anion Exchange Membranes Formulation Using Diffusion Dialysis-Enhanced Acid Regeneration System

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 311
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran Khan ◽  
Majeda Khraisheh ◽  
Fares AlMomani
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Acid Recovery ◽  
Aqueous Waste ◽  
Diffusion Dialysis

Recycling of acid from aqueous waste streams is crucial not only from the environmental point of view but also for maturing the feasible method (diffusion dialysis). Anion exchange membrane (AEM)–based diffusion dialysis process is one of the beneficial ways to recover acid from aqueous waste streams. In this article, the synthesis of a series of brominated poly (2, 6–dimethyl-1, 4–phenylene oxide) (BPPO)-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) through quaternization with triphenylphosphine (TPP) were reported for acid recovery via diffusion dialysis process. The successful synthesis of the prepared membranes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The as-synthesized anion exchange membranes represented water uptake (WR) of 44 to 66%, ion exchange capacity of (IEC) of 1.22 to 1.86 mmol/g, and linear swelling ratio (LSR) of 8 to 20%. They exhibited excellent thermal, mechanical, and acid stability. They showed homogeneous morphology. The acid recovery performance of the synthesized AEMs was investigated in a two compartment stack using simulated mixture of HCl and FeCl2 as feed solution at room temperature. For the synthesized anion exchange membranes TPP–43 to TPP–100, the diffusion dialysis coefficient of acid (UH+) was in the range of 6.7 to 26.3 (10−3 m/h) whereas separation factor (S) was in the range of 27 to 49 at 25 °C. Obtained results revealed that diffusion dialysis performance of the synthesized AEMs was higher than the commercial membrane DF–120B (UH+ = 0.004 m/h, S = 24.3) at room temperature. It showed that the prepared AEMs here could be excellent candidates for the diffusion dialysis process.

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