Diurnal Cortisol Slope and Nighttime Blood Pressure: A Study in European Americans and African Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488
Author(s):  
Brooke Ernst ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Xiaoling Wang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Diurnal Cortisol ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Nighttime Blood Pressure ◽  
Age Range

Objectives: African Americans (AAs) have higher nighttime blood pressure (BP) than European Americans (EAs). Stress has been suggested to play a role in this difference, but the mechanism is not well-understood. Flatter diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) is a well-known biological marker of stress. The objectives of this study were to: 1) examine ethnic differences in DCS; 2) evaluate the association between DCS and nighttime BP; and 3) determine the extent to which ethnic differences in nighttime BP can be explained by ethnic differences in DCS.Methods: A total of 510 participants (age range: 14-35 years; 49.6% AAs, 54.5% females) provided four salivary cortisol samples at bedtime, wakeup, 30-minutes post-wakeup, and 60-minutes post-wakeup. Additionally, participants wore an ambula­tory BP monitor for 24 hours. DCS was cal­culated as the average of the three morning samples minus the bedtime measurement.Results: After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and smoking, AAs had blunted DCS (P=.018) and higher nighttime systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) (Ps<.001) compared with EAs. The DCS was inversely related to nighttime SBP and this relation­ship did not depend on ethnicity. The ethnic difference of nighttime SBP was significantly attenuated upon addition of DCS to the model. Mediation test showed that 9.5% of ethnic difference in nighttime SBP could be explained by DCS (P=.039).Conclusion: This study confirms ethnic differences in DCS and nighttime BP and further demonstrates that the ethnic differ­ences in DCS can, at least partially, explain the ethnic differences found in night­time BP. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(4):481-488; doi:10.18865/ed.31.4.481

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in Nighttime Melatonin and Nighttime Blood Pressure: A Study in European Americans and African Americans

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 968-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhee Jeong ◽  
Haidong Zhu ◽  
Ryan A Harris ◽  
Yanbin Dong ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Melatonin Secretion ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Major Index ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Nighttime Blood Pressure

Abstract BACKGROUND Ethnic differences in nighttime blood pressure (BP) have long been documented with African Americans (AAs) having higher BP than European Americans (EAs). At present, lower nighttime melatonin, a key regulator of circadian rhythms, has been associated with higher nighttime BP levels in EAs. This study sought to test the hypothesis that AAs have lower nighttime melatonin secretion compared with EAs. We also determined if this ethnic difference in melatonin could partially explain the ethnic difference in nighttime BP. METHODS A total of 150 young adults (71 AA; 46% females; mean age: 27.7 years) enrolled in the Georgia Stress and Heart study provided an overnight urine sample for the measurement of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, a major metabolite of melatonin. Urine melatonin excretion (UME) was calculated as the ratio between 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration and creatinine concentration. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was assessed and nighttime systolic BP (SBP) was used as a major index of BP regulation. RESULTS After adjustment of age, sex, body mass index, and smoking, AAs had significantly lower UME (P = 0.002) and higher nighttime SBP than EAs (P = 0.036). Lower UME was significantly associated with higher nighttime SBP and this relationship did not depend on ethnicity. The ethnicity difference in nighttime SBP was significantly attenuated after adding UME into the model (P = 0.163). CONCLUSION This study is the first to document the ethnic difference in nighttime melatonin excretion, demonstrating that AAs have lower melatonin secretion compared with EAs. Furthermore, the ethnic difference in nighttime melatonin can partially account for the established ethnic difference in nighttime SBP.

scholarly journals Association of FMO3 Variants with Blood Pressure in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler S. Bryant ◽  
Priya Duggal ◽  
Bing Yu ◽  
Alanna C. Morrison ◽  
Tariq Shafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

Flavin containing monooxygenase 3 [FMO3] encodes dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 3, which breaks down nitrogen-containing compounds, and has been implicated in blood pressure regulation. Studies have reported conflicting results of the association of a common nonsynonymous variant, E158K (rs2266782), with hypertension. We examined the associations of E158K, along with rare and low frequency exonic variants (minor allele frequency [MAF]<5%) in FMO3 with hypertension, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We included 7,350 European Americans and 2,814 African Americans in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study with exome sequencing of FMO3. The association of FMO3 variants with SBP and DBP was tested using single variant and gene-based tests followed by the replication or interrogation of significant variants in ancestry-specific cohorts based on Bonferroni corrected thresholds. E158K had significant association with higher SBP in African Americans in ARIC (p=0.03), and two low frequency variants had significant association with higher SBP in African Americans (rs200985584, MAF 0.1%, p=0.0003) and European Americans (rs75904274, MAF 1.7%, p=0.006). These associations were not significant with additional samples: E158K in a meta-analysis of SBP of African ancestry (N=30,841, p=0.43) that included ARIC participants and the two low frequency variants in an independent ancestry-specific exome sequencing study of blood pressure (rs200985584, p=0.94; rs75904274, p=0.81). Our study does not support the association of E158K and low frequency variants in FMO3 with blood pressure and demonstrates the importance of replication in genetic studies.

Residential Mobility, Personality, and Subjective and Physical Well-Being

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Oishi ◽  
Margarita Krochik ◽  
Dana Roth ◽  
Gary D. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European American ◽  
New Town ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Residential Moves

Frequent residential moves in childhood may be stressful. Because introverts find making new friends in a new town more difficult than extraverts, the authors predicted that residential moves would be more negatively associated with well-being among introverts than among extraverts. To test this hypothesis, the authors collected salivary cortisol samples from morning to evening for two consecutive days, in addition to self-reports of well-being. In general, the authors found support for this prediction among European American participants but not for African Americans or Asian Americans. Extraversion seems to buffer the stress of residential moves among European Americans, whereas it does not seem to play as important a role to this end among African and Asian Americans.

Ethnic differences in patterns of social exchange among older adults: the role of resource context

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE L. FIORI ◽  
NATHAN S. CONSEDINE ◽  
CAROL MAGAI
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Ethnic Variation ◽  
European Americans ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Ethnic Group Membership ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACTUsing social capital and social exchange theories, this investigation examined ethnic variation in patterns of social exchange in two heterogeneous racial groups, Blacks and Whites in the United States, and the effects of education and income on these patterns. The sample was 1,043 people aged 65–86 years from four ethnic groups (US-born European-Americans, immigrant Russians/Ukrainians, US-born African-Americans, and immigrant English-speaking Caribbeans) who had provided details of their instrumental and advice exchanges with kin and non-kin. Hierarchical multinomial logistic regressions were used to predict patterns of social exchange, variations by ethnicity, income and education, and the interactions. Ethnic differences in patterns of social exchange were found, but almost all were qualified by interactions. Those with income showed within-group heterogeneity: African-Americans and Russians/Ukrainians with higher income were more likely to engage in reciprocal instrumental kin exchange, whereas among English-speaking Caribbeans and European-Americans such exchanges were not associated with income. Unlike among European-Americans and English-speaking Caribbeans, Russians/Ukrainians with higher income and education were more likely to engage in reciprocal non-kin exchange. The findings suggest that ethnic variation in social exchange reflects both aspects of ethnic group membership and the relational context, as well as the enactment of reciprocity values in varying resource contexts.

Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Sleep Problems in Older Adults

SLEEP ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 926-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Jean-Louis ◽  
C M Magai ◽  
C I Cohen ◽  
F Zizi ◽  
H von Gizycki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Sleep Complaints ◽  
European Americans

Abstract Study Objectives: To date, conflicting observations have been made regarding ethnic differences in sleep patterns. Plausibly, differing sampling strategies and disparity in the cohorts investigated might help explain discrepant findings. To our knowledge population-based studies investigating ethnic differences in sleep complaints have not addressed within-group ethnic heterogeneity, although within-group health disparities have been documented. Design Volunteers (n =1118) in this study were community-residing older European Americans and African Americans residing in Brooklyn, New York, which were recruited by a stratified, cluster sampling technique. Trained interviewers of the same race as the respondents gathered data during face-to-face interviews conducted either in the respondent's home or another location of their choice. Data included demographic and health risk factors, physical health, social support, and emotional experience. Relationships of demographic and health risk factors to sleep disturbances were examined in multiple linear regression analyses. Withingroup differences in sleep complaints were also explored. Setting N/A Participants N/A Interventions N/A Measurements and Results Of the factors showing significant associations with sleep disturbance, European American ethnicity was the most significant predictor (r2 = 0.20). Worse sleep and greater reliance on sleep medicine were observed among European Americans. Caribbean Americans reported less sleep complaints than did U.S.-born African Americans, and immigrant European Americans reported greater complaints than did US-born European Americans. Conclusions As expected several health risk factors were predictive of sleep disturbance among urban community-dwelling older adults, but ethnicity was the most significant predictor. The present data suggest both between-group and within-group ethnic differences in sleep complaints. Understanding of demographic and cultural differences between African Americans and European Americans may be critical in interpreting subjective health-related data.

Ethnic differences in depression, stress, and social support blood pressure correlations during and after pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Hilmer ◽  
Christine Dunkel Schetter ◽  
Laura Glynn ◽  
Calvin Hobel ◽  
Curt Sandman
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Ethnic Differences
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