Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Depression in Children and Adolescents: Implications for Practitioners and Educators

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-341
Author(s):  
Hélène Poissant ◽  
Cameron Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
Clear Link ◽  
Familial Risk Factors

This article is a literature review of studies on attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Depression (Depression). Domains evaluated in our review include co-morbidity in proband and family in relation to ADHD and Depression, longitudinal studies concerning outcomes of ADHD in relation to Depression, and familial risk factors related to ADHD and Depression. The studies that were examined established a link between ADHD and Depression in probands as well as in their families. Studies addressing the question of the primary or secondary status of Depression in ADHD do not reveal any clear link between an initial diagnosis of ADHD and a Depression outcome, suggesting that childhood diagnosis of ADHD alone usually does not evolve into adult Depression. The long-term evolution of ADHD into Depression seems to be related more to the presence of an initial comorbidity condition in ADHD children and adolescents. Family factors seem to influence the genesis of ADHD and Depression. There also seems to be a direct link between Major Depression in mothers and ADHD in their children.

Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. FARAONE ◽  
J. BIEDERMAN ◽  
J. G. JETTON ◽  
M. T. TSUANG
Keyword(s):  
Conduct Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Study Methodology

Background. An obstacle to the successful classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the frequently reported co-morbidity between ADHD and conduct disorder (CD). Prior work suggested that from a familial perspective, ADHD children with CD may be aetiologically distinct from those without CD.Methods. Using family study methodology and three longitudinal assessments over 4 years, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between ADHD, CD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and adult antisocial personality disorder (ASPD).Results. At the 4-year follow-up, there were 34 children with lifetime diagnoses of ADHD + CD, 59 with ADHD + ODD and 33 with ADHD only. These were compared with 92 non-ADHD, non-CD, non-ODD control probands. Familial risk analysis revealed the following: (1) relatives of each ADHD proband subgroup were at significantly greater risk for ADHD and ODD than relatives of normal controls; (2) rates of CD and ASPD were elevated among relatives of ADHD + CD probands only; (3) the co-aggregation of ADHD and the antisocial disorders could not be accounted for by marriages between ADHD and antisocial spouses; and (4) both ADHD and antisocial disorders occurred in the same relatives more often than expected by chance alone.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADHD with and without antisocial disorders may be aetiologically distinct disorders and provide evidence for the nosologic validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic conduct disorder.

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