scholarly journals La violencia sexual como violencia de género: una perspectiva desde el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos = Sexual violence as gender-based violence: an international human rights law perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Alba Ubieto Oliván

Resumen. A raíz de las recientes movilizaciones y reivindicaciones feministas en España y la polémica sentencia del caso la Manada, vuelve a surgir la necesidad de reformar el código penal en lo relativo a la violencia sexual. De acuerdo con los desarrollos del Feminismo Legal, es precisamente en los casos de violencia sexual contra las mujeres donde más interfieren los estereotipos de género, que no sólo influyen en las mentalidades y respuestas de las institu­ciones, sino que se encuentran enraizados en las propias leyes y normas jurídicas. Con el fin de garantizar una mayor protección a las mujeres supervivientes de violencia sexual en España, urge, por un lado, armonizar la legislación y las prácticas institucionales con los estándares mínimos establecidos en derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Esto permitiría, de entrada, redactar una definición de violencia sexual basada en el consentimiento. Por otro lado, debería considerarse la violencia sexual como una forma de violencia de género, teniendo en cuenta que ésta afecta a las mujeres de forma desproporcionada. Dicha asimilación permitiría brindar mayor protección a las supervivientes y garantizar que sus casos sean tratados con perspectiva de género, es decir, apreciando el contexto de violencia sistémica y desequilibro en las relaciones de poder entre géneros en los que se enmarcan. De lo contrario, se seguirá obstruyendo el derecho de las mujeres a acceder a la justicia.Palabras clave: violencia sexual, violencia de género, estereotipos de género, consen­timiento, victimización secundaria, control de convencionalidad. Abstract. Following recent feminist demonstrations and aspirations in Spain, as well as the controversial judgment in the case la Manada, the necessity to reform the Spanish criminal code insofar as it refers to sexual violence becomes increasingly evident. Legal feminist theo­ries suggest that especially cases of sexual violence against women are strongly influenced by gender stereotypes. Such stereotypes do not only influence the institutions’ mentalities and responses, they are embedded in laws and judicial principles. With the purpose of ensuring better protection of sexual violence survivors in Spain it is imperative, on the one hand, to harmonise the legislation and institutional practices with minimum standards established in international human rights law. This would allow for a definition of sexual violence based on consent. On the other hand, sexual violence should be considered as a form of gender-based violence, considering that it affects women disproportionately. Such assimilation would allow for a greater protection of survivors and guarantee that their cases would be treated from a gender perspective, in other words, taking into account the context of systemic violence against women and unequal power relations between genders in which they are inscribed. Otherwise, women’s access to justice will still be obstructed.Keywords: sexual violence, gender-based violence, gender stereotypes, consent, second­ary victimisation, conventionality control.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-278
Author(s):  
Ronagh J.A. McQuigg

On 14 July 2017, the un Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (cedaw Committee) adopted its General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. The purpose of this General Recommendation was to update the Committee’s General Recommendation No. 19 on violence against women, which had been adopted 25 years previously. This article examines General Recommendation No. 35 and analyses the extent to which this General Recommendation may contribute to addressing the issue of gender-based violence against women. However, although General Recommendation No. 35 is undoubtedly a positive development in the response of international human rights law to this issue, it is argued that further measures are necessary, in the form of a un treaty on violence against women.


Author(s):  
Karima Bennoune

During Algeria’s internal armed conflict in the 1990s, thousands of women were raped by jihadist groups. There is virtually no English-language documentary record of these crimes—a gap this chapter seeks to fill by documenting the use of sexual violence and forced marriage by fundamentalist armed groups during the conflict. Based on interviews and accounts from Algerian journalists, the chapter records the general phrases of violence against women, the experiences of specific women, and the limited response from families, society, and the state. It explores the complexity of documenting sexual violence in places where the topic is extremely taboo, questioning whether international human rights law and its emphasis on testimony are useful or appropriate in such contexts. It closes with a critique of the politics involved in producing human rights writing and provides suggestions for broadening documentation methodology.


Author(s):  
Björnstjern Baade

This chapter shows that a state’s duty to protect human rights is an obligation that requires due diligence. As a standard of conduct under international human rights law, due diligence demands balancing a foreseeable risk to a protected interest against countervailing interests. The chapter reviews the practice of human rights courts and treaty bodies, concerning gender-based violence, business activities, official misconduct, and natural hazards. It reveals the way that due diligence requirements are operationalised in practice. The chapter argues that, despite occasional arguments to the contrary, due diligence does not dilute established standards of international human rights law but complements them. It serves to effectively mitigate risks to human rights no matter the risks’ source, in a manner that is also able to address systemic problems.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Aviuth Mejía García ◽  
Claudia Beltrán Romero ◽  
Vanesa de Jesús Marroquín Escalante

Este artículo tuvo como propósito caracterizar el tratamiento periodístico en las noticias sobre violencia contra las mujeres por razones de género. Para una aproximación al objeto, se analizó Noticias Caracol, del Canal Caracol Televisión en Colombia. Para ello, se realizó un vaciado del contenido noticioso que emitió el canal sobre casos de violencia de género durante los años de 2013 y 2014 y que estuvieron accesibles a través del canal de YouTube del noticiero en mención. Como parte de los hallazgos se encontró una escasa presencia del tema en la agenda del noticiero y la baja importancia que se le ha dado al problema, como también se evidenció una ritualización en la presentación de los hechos, los protagonistas y las causas, aspectos que no contribuyen a que las audiencias vean críticamente las motivaciones del agresor y tampoco se genera conciencia crítica debido a la falta de fuentes expertas sobre esta violación sistemática de los Derechos Humanos.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-217
Author(s):  
Louise Arimatsu

In this paper I explore some of the ways in which developments in new digital technologies reproduce, and often amplify, the patriarchal structures, practices and culture of contemporary life and, in doing so, operate to silence women through exclusion and through violence. I consider how international human rights law – most notably the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – can be harnessed to counter both forms of silencing in that each is rooted in gender-based discrimination. The digital gender divide and the rise in online violence against women evidences the failure on the part of States Parties to fully commit to their legal obligations pursuant to CEDAW. Ensuring equality of access to, and use of, digital technologies cannot be anything other than the preconditions to ensuring that women can benefit from, contribute to, and influence the development of digital technologies in a meaningful manner. The digital realm may be a privatised public space that warrants a reconceptualisation of the scope and content of human rights law but the fact that much of the digital infrastructure is owned and controlled by private actors does not absolve States of their human rights responsibilities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-190
Author(s):  
Siane Richardson

Abstract Marital rape is a particularly heinous form of sexual violence that occurs within intimate relationships. However, throughout much of the world, the marriage contract affords legal immunity to marital partners who would otherwise be convicted as sexual offenders. By reviewing the laws of the Commonwealth jurisdictions, this research highlights the necessity for reform in many jurisdictions that continue to allow for marital exemptions to sexual offending. This review identified three main forms of marital exemption, that is the general marital exemption to the primary sexual offence, the creation of spousal-specific sexual offences, and the use of marital exemptions to remove or reduce liability for sexual offences involving minors. The operation of these marital exemptions is then considered in the context of international human rights law and its prohibition on sexual violence within intimate relationships. An analysis of the jurisprudence surrounding Article 2 of CEDAW, Article 19 of the CRC and the prohibition of torture informs the argument that international human rights law requires the prohibition of marital exemptions to sexual offending throughout the Commonwealth nations. Marital exemptions continue to afford sexual offending with impunity across many Commonwealth jurisdictions in breach of the international human rights obligations of those nations and reform should occur in order to uphold the rights of sexual violence survivors.


AJIL Unbound ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Gruber

It is difficult to engage from a theoretical perspective an advocacy piece that largely reads like a brief in favor of particular claim of law, namely, that a state’s failure to (vigorously) criminalize marital rape violates international human rights law. In a brief, the litigant pulls together various sources to prove the legal claim is correct. Opponents typically respond by cobbling together their own sources to undermine that claim. In their essay, Criminalizing Sexual Violence Against Women in Intimate Relationships, Randall and Venkatesh set out to prove that international human rights law, in fact, requires states to criminalize marital rape. I suspect there are international lawyers who can persuasively argue that international human rights law does not, in fact, require such criminalization.


2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Durojaye

This article examines the meaning and nature of sterilisation. It equally discusses the historical context of involuntary sterilisation and its likely human rights implications. More importantly, it discusses the decision of the Namibian Supreme Court in Government of Namibia v LM and argues that the court fails to consider involuntary sterilisation as a form of human rights violation, particularly violence against women. The article contends that given the attendant mental, physical and emotional trauma a woman may suffer upon undergoing forced sterilisation, this would amount to an act of violence against women as recognised under international human rights law.


Author(s):  
Ana Martin

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is often intertwined with and nested within other violations of international criminal law (ICL) as part of a broader attack against a group. However, ICL is not giving enough visibility to this nexus of crimes rooted in the intersection of identities and discrimination that underpins SGBV during conflict. Intersectionality is a concept originated in feminism and progressively recognized by international human rights law (IHRL). It posits that SGBV is caused by gender 'inextricably linked' with other identities and factors that result in compounded discrimination and unique aggravated harms. Based on case studies, this paper argues that ICL should integrate an intersectional approach based on identity and discrimination to address the nexus between SGBV and broader international crimes. Intersectionality enables a better understanding of the causes, harms, and gravity of SGBV, and it provides consistency with an IHRL interpretation. The article begins setting out the foundations of intersectionality in feminism and IHRL, and its applicability to ICL. It then applies intersectionality to two case studies that demonstrate the interlink of SGBV with broader violations of ICL: The Revolutionary United Front Case (RUF) trial judgment of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) concerning SGBV and the war crime committing acts of terrorism, and Al Hassan, prosecuted at the International Criminal Court (ICC), concerning SGBV and the crime against humanity of persecution. It concludes with final remarks on why and how ICL would benefit from integrating an intersectional approach to SGBV.


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