Heritage as Action Research

This paper intends to weigh the importance of archaeology by how much impact it has, or could have, on society. Heritage values are precisely the language in which that impact translates to the general public. It is necessary, however, to balance the duty to protect heritage with the mutating and negotiated nature of these values. Archaeologists should not be seen as the wardens but rather as the enablers, the midwives, of local communities coming to terms with a deeper understanding of their past. The more effectively this heritage stimulates the relation of the community with these values, the greater the potential it will have to stimulate social innovation, which is the foundation for sustainable development or abandonment. For many the boon of cultural heritage is tourism, and this is true but to an insufficient extent. In order to be sustainable, tourism must be part of a broader social innovation strategy that foregoes easy pickings in favor of the creation of quality brands, employment, and the protection of traditional lifeways. Only in this way can heritage truly unlock a sustainable horizon.

Troubles in Prague Escalate

This chapter addresses how, for all that March of 1620 was a month of celebration for Frederick V and Elizabeth Stuart, moves were afoot that would soon darken their mood. Although the Bohemian princes had rallied behind their new king, those of the Empire as a whole, Protestant and Catholic alike, met at Mühlhausen and agreed that Frederick should abdicate. Frederick remained adamant that it was his duty to protect both his subjects and the Imperial Constitution from further violations of the 'Letter of Majesty'. What Frederick considered a principled stand was seen by the Emperor as recalcitrance, and four armies were raised against him. How influential Elizabeth's sensitivity to Bohemian mores proved is not clear, but it is clear that she and Frederick gained the love of their subjects. The chapter then considers the signing of the Treaty of Ulm on July 3, 1620, under which both the Catholic League and the Protestant Union agreed to abstain from pursuing military action within the electoral lands of the Empire. While various Protestant armies would be raised in support of the King and Queen of Bohemia, the Union was no longer a coherent entity, let alone a threat to the Emperor or the Spanish. The chapter then details the Battle of White Mountain and the conflicting reports regarding the fate of Elizabeth Stuart and her then unborn child, Maurice.

Extraterritorial Sanctions, Transnational Corporate Activity, and State’s Duty to Protect

Unilateral (extraterritorial) economic sanctions, that are often imposed on states and non-state actors by another state, are incompatible with international human rights law. Major powers use their dominant positions in the global economy to attempt influence the political behaviour of states by imposing economic measures against them. Nevertheless, the principal Business and Human Rights instruments as well as other International Law instruments do not address extraterritorial sanctions and their negative impacts on the operation of foreign business entities and the consequent human rights violations. These sanctions threaten a wide range of rights and freedoms enshrined in international human rights law and cause irreparable collateral damage. This paper is a critical inquiry into the relationship between extraterritorial sanctions, their negative impacts on the operation of the business entities in sanctioned state, and sender state’s extraterritorial human rights obligations. In order to answer this question, the paper will explore state’s duty to protect in more details in the context of imposition of extraterritorial sanctions.

Duties to refugees, the reluctance of governments, and social science: a Christian perspective

Recent theological discussion of immigration issues, while acknowledging the scriptural mandate of hospitality to migrants, also recognizes that host governments have a duty to protect their borders against those who might cause harm to their citizens. Looking in particular at the special case of refugees, I argue that government policy in many rich European countries, including the UK, falls well short of the hospitality requirement while greatly exaggerating the possibility of harm. I suggest that social science findings on the impact of immigration on host communities provide helpful background for politically engaged Christians who seek to call their governments to account.

Critical analyzed information of International Air Transport Association (Divulgation paper)

The International Air Transport Association aims at representing the airline industry by enhancing awareness about the benefits of airlines to the national economies, and in this way, improving decision making regarding airline activities. Integrity is an important value if at all member airlines are expected to have trust in the organization’s duty to protect their interest. The main benefit that airlines can gain in joining IATA is the ability to be adequately represented by an organization whose voice in the industry is powerful. Member airlines are also assured of financial success as IATA recommends best practices that should be implemented in order to uphold safety, environmental sustainability, and efficient processes. Ultimately, IATA’s role in championing for the rights of airlines has been influential, and the improved performance in the industry is evidence that the association’s efforts have been fruitful.