scholarly journals Engram: A Systematic Approach to Optimize Keyboard Layouts for Touch Typing, With Example for the English Language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Klein
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Scoring Model ◽  
Repetitive Strain Injuries ◽  
Repetitive Strain ◽  
Computer Keyboard ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Keyboard Layout

Most computer keyboard layouts (mappings of characters to keys) do not reflect the ergonomics of the human hand, resulting in preventable repetitive strain injuries. We present a set of ergonomics principles relevant to touch typing, introduce a scoring model that encodes these principles, and outline a systematic approach for developing optimized keyboard layouts in any language based on this scoring model coupled with character-pair frequencies. We then create a keyboard layout optimized for touch typing in English by constraining key assignments to reduce lateral finger movements and enforce easy access to high-frequency letters and letter pairs, applying open source software to generate millions of layouts, and evaluating them based on Google’s N-gram data. We use two independent scoring methods to compare the resulting Engram layout against 10 other prominent keyboard layouts based on a variety of publicly available text sources. The Engram layout scores consistently higher than other keyboard layouts.

Improving the Evolutionary Computation for General Keyboard Arrangement Problem

2015 ◽  
Vol 804 ◽  
pp. 337-340
Author(s):  
Veerawan Janthanasub ◽  
Phayung Meesad
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
New Method ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Thai Language ◽  
Arrangement Problem ◽  
Single Finger ◽  
Computer Keyboard ◽  
Keyboard Layout

Thai traditional computer keyboard layouts are derived from the Thai typewriter keyboard's layout, which supports typing with ten fingers. Hence, this layout is not optimized for typing on touch screen device with one finger. This article presents a new method in arrangement the position of Thai characters on the virtual keyboard to support typing by a single finger. The process of the new method consist of analysing Thai Language to create difference digraph table from Benchmark for Enhancing the Standard of Thai language processing corpus (BEST corpus), designed keyboard layout using evolutionary computation technique and estimated time speed of typing by model human hand movement with Fitts' Law. The experiment shows that new keyboard designed by the proposed method has achieved a typing speed faster than the Thai traditional keyboard layout.

Entropy analysis of n-grams and estimation of the number of meaningful language texts. Cyber security applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Malashina
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
English Language ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Entropy Analysis ◽  
Short Text ◽  
Security Applications ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Low Coverage

Abstract We estimate the n-gram entropies of English- language texts, using dictionaries and taking into account punctuation, and find a heuristic method for estimating the marginal entropy. We propose a method for evaluating the coverage of empirically generated dictionaries and an ap- proach to address the disadvantage of low coverage. In ad- dition, we compare the probability of obtaining a meaning- ful text by directly iterating through all possible n-grams of the alphabet and conclude that this is only possible for very short text segments.

scholarly journals Learners’ Attitudes toward Foreign Language Practice on Social Network Sites

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Jhonny Villafuerte ◽  
Asier Romero
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
The University

This work aims to study learners’ attitudes towards practicing English Language on Social Networks Sites (SNS). The sample involved 110 students from the University Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabi in Ecuador, and the University of the Basque Country in Spain. The instrument applied was a Likert scale questionnaire designed Ad hoc by the researchers, to assess the dimensions: (i) Integration of SNS into learners’ academic everyday activities, and (ii) Learners’ attitudes towards English Language practices on SNS. All the data was analyzed using SPSS V24.00 of IBM. The findings showed corelationships between learners’ attitudes and the factors: learners’ sex, age, and country. The results also confirmed that both Spanish and Ecuadorian university students prefer YouTube, and Google+ for their easy access, and flexibility to strengthen listening, reading and comprehension skills in English. In addition, Facebook, and Whats App can be used to motivate reading, writing, and speaking practices in English.

Biopsychosocial rehabilitation for upper limb repetitive strain injuries in working age adults

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaija A Karjalainen ◽  
Antti Malmivaara ◽  
Maurits W van Tulder ◽  
Risto Roine ◽  
Merja Jauhiainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Repetitive Strain Injuries ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Repetitive Strain

Biopsychosocial rehabilitation for upper limb repetitive strain injuries in working age adults

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Karjalainen ◽  
A Malmivaara ◽  
M van Tulder ◽  
R Roine ◽  
M Jauhiainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Repetitive Strain Injuries ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Repetitive Strain

Ultra-small RFID p-Chips on the heads of entomological pins provide an automatic and durable means to track and label insect specimens

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3359 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. JOLLEY-ROGERS ◽  
D. K. YEATES ◽  
J. CROFT ◽  
E. M. CAWSEY ◽  
P. SUTER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Collections Management ◽  
Repetitive Strain Injuries ◽  
Serial Number ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
Repetitive Strain

A new, ultra-small, light-activated microtransponder ("p-Chip") has been integrated into the heads of entomological pins toimprove efficiency in collections management and research through radio frequency identification (RFID) of insect specimens.These specimens are typically small, fragile, numerous and especially difficult to track. Globally, the majority are not currentlyrecorded in any database. The application of unique identifiers has previously proven time consuming and difficult. Permanentand integral to the specimen, each p-Chip transmits a unique serial number allowing tracking without contact and reducing therisk of damage to specimens and repetitive strain injuries (RSI) in curators. The p-Chips and the specimens they tag can belinked immediately to biodiversity web services and collections databases. Specimens can be rapidly assigned to groupings asthey are sorted and their taxonomic identity refined; and accurately tracked through high throughput methods and analyses.Quite importantly, with the p-Chips, the profile of the pin head is unchanged, and there is no discernible tactile difference fromstandard entomological pins. We also describe how p-Chips can be retro-fitted to provide complete compendia of legacy samples.

scholarly journals Automated News Classification using N-gram Model and Key Features of Nepali Language

SCITECH Nepal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Dinesh Dangol ◽  
Rupesh Dahi Shrestha ◽  
Arun Timalsina
Keyword(s):  
Text Classification ◽  
English Language ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Automatic Text Classification ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Research Experiment ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Automated Text Processing ◽  
Automatic Text

With an increasing trend of publishing news online on website, automatic text processing becomes more and more important. Automatic text classification has been a focus of many researchers in different languages for decades. There is a huge amount of research repository on features of English language and their uses on automated text processing. This research implements Nepali language key features for automatic text classification of Nepali news. In particular, the study on impact of Nepali language based features, which are extremely different than English language is more challenging because of the higher level of complexity to be resolved. The research experiment using vector space model, n-gram model and key feature based processing specific to Nepali language shows promising result compared to bag-of-words model for the task of automated Nepali news classification.

scholarly journals Statistics and Machine Learning Experiments in English and Romanian Poetry

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Calin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Information Entropy ◽  
English Language ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Informational Energy ◽  
N Gram ◽  
Average Information

This paper presents a quantitative approach to poetry, based on the use of several statistical measures (entropy, informational energy, N-gram, etc.) applied to a few characteristic English writings. We found that English language changes its entropy as time passes, and that entropy depends on the language used and on the author. In order to compare two similar texts, we were able to introduce a statistical method to asses the information entropy between two texts. We also introduced a method of computing the average information conveyed by a group of letters about the next letter in the text. We found a formula for computing the Shannon language entropy and we introduced the concept of N-gram informational energy of a poetry. We also constructed a neural network, which is able to generate Byron-type poetry and to analyze the information proximity to the genuine Byron poetry.

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