Energy consumption, economic growth, foreign direct investment and globalization causality nexus in OECD countries: a symbolic transfer entropy analysis

In this paper, we investigate the validity and usefulness of the symbolic transfer entropy (STE) test for longitudinal data by examining causality relationships among foreign direct investment, energy consumption, globalization and economic growth respectively, between the periods 1970-2015 using Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries as a case study. Also, a comparison to validate or contrast with other existing studies results generated using other forms of causality test is given. Our findings suggest that the STE causality test is suitable approach for our OECD panel of countries.

Non-Contact Measurement of Empathy Based on Micro-Movement Synchronization

Tracking consumer empathy is one of the biggest challenges for advertisers. Although numerous studies have shown that consumers’ empathy affects purchasing, there are few quantitative and unobtrusive methods for assessing whether the viewer is sharing congruent emotions with the advertisement. This study suggested a non-contact method for measuring empathy by evaluating the synchronization of micro-movements between consumers and people within the media. Thirty participants viewed 24 advertisements classified as either empathy or non-empathy advertisements. For each viewing, we recorded the facial data and subjective empathy scores. We recorded the facial micro-movements, which reflect the ballistocardiography (BCG) motion, through the carotid artery remotely using a camera without any sensory attachment to the participant. Synchronization in cardiovascular measures (e.g., heart rate) is known to indicate higher levels of empathy. We found that through cross-entropy analysis, the more similar the micro-movements between the participant and the person in the advertisement, the higher the participant’s empathy scores for the advertisement. The study suggests that non-contact BCG methods can be utilized in cases where sensor attachment is ineffective (e.g., measuring empathy between the viewer and the media content) and can be a complementary method to subjective empathy scales.