scholarly journals Elementary Charge and Electron: One Entity Two Identities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misheck Kirimi
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Static Electron ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Beta Decays

Our knowledge of electricity is based on two nearly parallel concepts – charge and electron. The charge concept is symmetrical: nature has equal numbers of positive and negative charges playing equivalent roles in atoms. The electron concept has two asymmetries. One, the observable universe has more positive than negative electrons. Two, atoms contain negative- but no positive electrons. Here I propose that charge is static electron and electron is moving charge. That is, resting (electrostatic) and moving (electrodynamic) behaviours exclusively make charge and electron different. The proposal reveals previously unnoticed symmetries in the electron concept and has experimental backing. Faraday, Stoney and Millikan observed charges in static conditions – electrolytes, oil drops, doorknobs etc. In contrast, Thomson and Anderson observed electrons at high speeds in cathode tubes and cloud chambers. Beta decays were initially interpreted to mean existence of electrons in atomic nuclei[i]. Equating ‘charge’ to ‘static electron’ reinstates and validates the interpretation. Brown, L. M. Nuclear structure and beta decay (1932–1933), American Journal of Physics 56, 982 (1988).

Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger H. Stuewer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Alpha Particle ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
Coincidence Method ◽  
Wolfgang Pauli ◽  
Beta Particles

Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.

scholarly journals Chronicle of the discovery of the back-bending phenomenon in atomic nuclei: a personal recollection 50 years on

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ryde
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Rotational Frequency ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

AbstractA chronicle describing the historical context and the development of ideas and experiments leading to the discovery of the back-bending phenomenon in rapidly rotating atomic nuclei some 50 years ago is presented. The moment of inertia of some atomic nuclei increases anomalously at a certain rotational frequency, revealing important clues to our understanding of nuclear structure. I highlight the decisive interactions and contacts between experimentalists and theorists, which created the right environment, allowing for the revelation of an undetected phenomenon in Nature. Finally, I reflect on the key points allowing for the discovery and particularly point to the importance of systematic surveys, which in this case investigated the energy levels in heavy nuclei of a large sample of elements, as well as to the accuracy of the measurements of the ground state levels made at the time.

Nuclear structure properties of spin-1/2 heavy nuclei within the relativistic cluster model

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050026
Author(s):  
Keivan Darooyi Divshali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shojaei
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Cluster Model ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
Core Cluster ◽  
Phenomenological Potential ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Uvarov Method ◽  
Structure Properties

[Formula: see text]C is a beta decay isotope, its beta decay is very slow reflecting the stability of this nucleus and emitted from medium and heavy mass nuclei. The [Formula: see text]C result is in excellent agreement with the favored ground-state-to-ground-state transition according to the cluster model of Blendowske et al. We study nuclear structure properties of spin-1/2 heavy nuclei in the relativistic core-cluster model, that its cluster is [Formula: see text]C. According to this model for spin-1/2 heavy nuclei and for obtaining its wave function, we solve the Dirac equation with the new phenomenological potential by parametric Nikiforov–Uvarov method and then calculate the binding energy and charge radius.

Nuclear-structure aspects of double beta decay

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Suhonen ◽  
Livius Trache ◽  
Alexei Smirnov ◽  
Sabin Stoica
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Double Beta Decay

Total Absorption Study of Beta Decays Relevant for Nuclear Applications and Nuclear Structure

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Algora ◽  
E. Valencia ◽  
J.L. Taín ◽  
M.D. Jordan ◽  
J. Agramunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Total Absorption ◽  
Absorption Study ◽  
Beta Decays ◽  
Nuclear Applications

New perspective of Grodzins E × B(E2) ↑ product rule

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 1850033 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gupta ◽  
Vikas Katoch
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Structure ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Neutron Number ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Product Rule ◽  
Atomic Nuclei ◽  
Number Formula ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Moment

In the collective spectra of atomic nuclei, the level energy [Formula: see text] varies with atomic number [Formula: see text] and neutron number [Formula: see text]. Also the [Formula: see text]2 decay-reduced transition probability [Formula: see text] is related to the energy [Formula: see text]. The product [Formula: see text] is constant according to Grodzins product rule, independent of the vibration or rotational status of the nucleus. The product rule is often used for determining [Formula: see text] from the known [Formula: see text]. However, the variation of the product with various parameters is also suggested in the literature. Hence, a detailed global study of this rule for [Formula: see text] region is warranted. We use a novel method of displaying the linear relation of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] for the isotopes of each element (Xe–Pt), instead of their variation with [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. Through our work, we firmly establish the global validity of the Grodzins relation of [Formula: see text], being proportional to the moment of inertia, except for the deviation in specific cases. Our [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] plots provide a transparent view of the variation of the low-energy nuclear structure. This gives a new perspective of their nuclear structure. Also the various theoretical interpretations of [Formula: see text]s and the energy [Formula: see text] are reviewed.

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