Nuclear and radiation safety as object of criminological research

Ensuring nuclear and radiation safety is one of the most important components of the national security of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the increased level of risks (including criminal ones) inherent in modern society, the problem of the safe use of nuclear energy is becoming one of the main ones, not only at the national but also at the international level. The article substantiates the importance of the criminological approach in the study of this phenomenon, raises the issues of criminalization of the use of atomic energy within the framework of nuclear and radiation safety of the state, provides examples of criminal threats that arise when using the energy of atomic nuclei. Particular attention is paid to the lack of high-quality criminological research conducted in the designated area of public relations, where offenses of various properties are often committed, which directly or potentially lead or may lead to serious, and sometimes irreversible consequences, which indicates the need to pay due attention to it, despite the relatively small number of crimes committed. As a result of the conducted research and in order to improve the criminological security system when using a peaceful atom, the author concludes that it is necessary to implement an integrated approach to solving these problems and suggests those areas of activity that require increased attention, including from law enforcement agencies.

Problem of energy scale in rigid triaxial rotor model

The problem of mismatching of the level energies, in the ground band and the [Formula: see text]-band of triaxially deformed atomic nuclei, as predicted in the rigid triaxial rotor (RTR) approximation of Davydov and Filippov (DF) model, with experiment, is well known. Here, we illustrate the solutions suggested in the literature, and the deviations observed in the converted energy values, from the experiment. We analyze the source of problem of this mismatch with experiment. This enables a physical picture of the DF (or RTR) model spectra. Our analysis will help in understanding the merits and the limitation of the RTR model in this respect.

R-Process with Magnetized Nuclei at Dynamo-Explosive Supernovae and Neutron Star Mergers

Nucleosynthesis at latge magnetic induction levels relevant to core-collapse supernovae and neutron star mergers is considered. For respective magnetic fields of a strength up to ten teratesla, atomic nuclei exhibit a linear magnetic response due to the Zeeman effect. Such nuclear reactivity can be described in terms of magnetic susceptibility. Susceptibility maxima correspond to half-filled shells. The neutron component rises linearly with increasing shell angular momentum, while the contribution of protons grows quadratically due to considerable income from orbital magnetization. For a case j = l + 1/2, the proton contribution makes tens of nuclear magnetons and significantly exceeds the neutron values which give several units. In a case j = l − 1/2, the proton component is almost zero up to the g shell. A noticeable increase in the generation of corresponding explosive nucleosynthetic products with antimagic numbers is predicted for nuclei at charge freezing conditions. In the iron group region, new seeds are also created for the r-process. In particular, the magnetic enhancement of the volume of 44Ti isotopes is consistent with results from observations and indicates the substantial increase in the abundance of the main titanium isotope (48Ti) in the Galaxy’s chemical composition. Magnetic effects are proven to result in a shift of the r-process path towards smaller mass numbers, as well as an increase in the volume of low-mass nuclides in peaks of the r-process nuclei.

Strong/nuclear force in the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) theory. Nuclear deflection of light, nuclear time delay of light, and proposed experiment

The theory of the dynamic medium of reference has already been presented in several articles [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019); 33, 395 (2020); 34, 61 (2021); 34, 279 (2021)], and in particular in Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019). The article [Pignard, Phys. Essays 34, 279 (2021)] gives an explanation and mathematical developments of the gravitational acceleration from atomic nuclei of a massive body. General relativity considers a massive body, like the Earth or the Sun, globally, macroscopically, simply as an object of mass M (which curves space‐time). However, when one goes into details, this mass M is made up of atoms which are themselves mainly made up of nuclei of nucleons (if we neglect the mass of electrons in comparison of that of the nucleus). Thus, it is mainly the nuclei of a massive body that create the force of gravity! The dynamic medium of reference theory determines the gravitational acceleration microscopically by taking into account all the atomic nuclei that make up a massive body [Pignard, Phys. Essays 32, 422 (2019)]. This creates a strong link between gravity and the nuclear domain. This article goes further with the description of a model of the atomic nucleus. This makes it possible to establish that the strong force or nuclear force, which ensures the cohesion of the nucleus, is due to the strong acceleration of the flux of the medium which is a vector average of the flux of gravitons. This gives an expression of the nuclear force similar to the force of gravity but with a constant K ≈ 1031 m s−2, much higher than the gravitational constant G. This article shows that the functioning, the mechanism of the nucleus, makes it possible to explain the nuclear force and also to find the gravitational acceleration. From there, it is deduced that the photons are deflected by the strong acceleration due to an atom nucleus. They are also slowed down by an atom nucleus which creates a delay in their travel time which we call the nuclear time delay of light. Finally, an experiment is proposed to verify the phenomenon of nuclear deflection of light and the nuclear time delay of light.

The atomic structure of chemical elements in the theory of compressible oscillating ether

Previously, the basic laws and equations of electrodynamics, atomic nuclei, elementary particles theory and gravitation theory were derived from the equations of compressible oscillating ether. In this work, the theory of atomic structure for all chemical elements is constructed. A formula for the values of the energy levels of the electrons of an atom, which are the values of the energies of binding of electrons with the nucleus of an atom in the ground unexcited state, is derived from the equations of the ether. Based on experimental data on the ionization energies of atoms and ions, it is shown that the sequence of values of the energy levels of electrons has jumps, exactly corresponding to the periods of the table of chemical elements. It is concluded that it is precisely these jumps, and not quantum-mechanical rules, prohibitions and postulates that determine the periodicity of the properties of chemical elements. Ethereal correction of the table of chemical elements is presented which returns it to the form proposed by D.I. Mendeleev.

Magnetic Fields And High-Temperature Superconductivity In Excited Liquids. Unknown Particles

The article presents a number of experiments in liquid media on the transformation (transmutation) of atomic nuclei of some chemical elements into atomic nuclei of other chemical elements. In the theory of low-energy nuclear reactions, the transmutation of atomic nuclei occurs in strong magnetic fields, more than 30 T. Magnetic fields appear in ionized liquid media as a result of the unidirectional motion of an ensemble of electrons. The exchange interaction between electrons with parallel spins forms a self-consistent field in the medium, in which electrons pair into orthobosons with S = 1ћ. Orthobosons are attracted to each other and form orthoboson “solenoids” - “capsules” with strong magnetic fields inside. “Capsules” can fly out of liquid media, and then they are registered as unknown particles with strange properties. In some cases, when an electric current passes through the liquid, the electric current can be realized in the form of orthobosonic “solenoids” connected in continuous “filaments” from one electrode to another. Such “filaments” exhibit characteristics of superconductivity.

Structure of 3He

Using electron scattering data, the diffraction pattern off $$^{3}$$ 3 He shows it to be an equilateral triangle possessing dihedral D$$_{3}$$ 3 point group symmetry (PGS). Previous work showed that $$^{4}$$ 4 He is a 3-base pyramid with C$$_{3v}$$ 3 v PGS. $$^{6}$$ 6 Li is predicted to have C$$_{2v}$$ 2 v PGS. As nuclear $$A \rightarrow $$ A → large, atomic nuclei enter into the ‘protein folding problem’ with many possible groundstate PGS competing for lowest energy.