The Mechanism of Destruction Under the Influence of Shock Waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Shcherbakov ◽  
Khairullo Makhmudov
Keyword(s):  
Shock Waves ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Crystal Lattices ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Silicon Ions ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Narrow Bands ◽  
Positively Charged

The spectra of the plasma emitted from the studied samples consist of several dozens of narrow bands superimposed on each other. Tables of spectral lines were used to interpret the spectra. It turned out that the largest number of bands corresponds to the radiation of positively charged ions and atoms of elements that make up the crystal lattices of minerals that make up the studied rocks. Thus, the spectra of the plasma emitted from quartz corresponded to the radiation of atoms and positively charged silicon ions, the charge of which varied from 1 to 4, as well as atoms and positively charged oxygen ions, the charge of which varied from 1 to 3. Positively charged ions and atoms of Si, O, K, Ca, Al and Na, which are part of the crystal lattices of quartz and feldspar, flew out of granites. Positively charged ions and Ca, C and O atoms flew out of the calcite.

scholarly journals Инициированная ударной волной эмиссия ионов из напряженных гранитов

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
И.П. Щербаков ◽  
В.И. Веттегрень ◽  
Р.И. Мамалимов ◽  
Х.Ф. Махмудов
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Ion Beams ◽  
Slip Planes ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Positively Charged

AbstractIn this paper, we obtained intensity distributions of beams of positively charged ions emitted from the surface of uniaxially compressed granites under the effect of a shock wave. The intensity of beams decreases exponentially with an increase in the number of shock waves. The ions fly out at the moments when the dislocations reach the surface moving in intersecting slip planes. A compressive load suppresses the dislocation release and the intensity of ion beams.

scholarly journals A Flux Ratio and a Universal Property of Permanent Charges Effects on Fluxes

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weishi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Flux Ratio ◽  
Universal Property ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Channel Geometry ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Ion Species ◽  
Positively Charged ◽  
Anion Species

AbstractIn this work, we consider ionic flow through ion channels for an ionic mixture of a cation species (positively charged ions) and an anion species (negatively charged ions), and examine effects of a positive permanent charge on fluxes of the cation species and the anion species. For an ion species, and for any given boundary conditions and channel geometry,we introduce a ratio _(Q) = J(Q)/J(0) between the flux J(Q) of the ion species associated with a permanent charge Q and the flux J(0) associated with zero permanent charge. The flux ratio _(Q) is a suitable quantity for measuring an effect of the permanent charge Q: if _(Q) > 1, then the flux is enhanced by Q; if _ < 1, then the flux is reduced by Q. Based on analysis of Poisson-Nernst-Planck models for ionic flows, a universal property of permanent charge effects is obtained: for a positive permanent charge Q, if _1(Q) is the flux ratio for the cation species and _2(Q) is the flux ratio for the anion species, then _1(Q) < _2(Q), independent of boundary conditions and channel geometry. The statement is sharp in the sense that, at least for a given small positive Q, depending on boundary conditions and channel geometry, each of the followings indeed occurs: (i) _1(Q) < 1 < _2(Q); (ii) 1 < _1(Q) < _2(Q); (iii) _1(Q) < _2(Q) < 1. Analogous statements hold true for negative permanent charges with the inequalities reversed. It is also shown that the quantity _(Q) = |J(Q) − J(0)| may not be suitable for comparing the effects of permanent charges on cation flux and on anion flux. More precisely, for some positive permanent charge Q, if _1(Q) is associated with the cation species and _2(Q) is associated with the anion species, then, depending on boundary conditions and channel geometry, each of the followings is possible: (a) _1(Q) > _2(Q); (b) _1(Q) < _2(Q).

Mobility of positively charged ions in supercritical helium

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Tarchouna ◽  
F. Aitken ◽  
N. Bonifaci ◽  
K. von Haeften ◽  
J. Eloranta
Keyword(s):  
Charged Ions ◽  
Supercritical Helium ◽  
Positively Charged

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Nanosecond Overvoltage Discharge Between CuInSe2 Chalcopyrite Electrodes in Oxygen-Free Gas Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
A. K. Shuaibov ◽  
A. I. Minya ◽  
A. A. Malinina ◽  
R. V. Gritsak ◽  
A. N. Malinin
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Kinetic Equation ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Spectral Interval ◽  
Dielectric Substrates ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Semiconductor Electrodes ◽  
Quartz Substrates ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Discharge Method

The characteristics of the nanosecond overvoltage discharge ignited between semiconductor electrodes based on the CuInSe2 chalcopyrite compound in the argon and nitrogen atmospheres at gas pressures of 5.3–101 kPa are reported. Due to the electrode sputtering, chalcopyrite vapor enters the discharge plasma, so that some CuInSe2 molecules become destroyed, whereas the others become partially deposited in the form of thin films on solid dielectric substrates located near the plasma electrode system. The main products of the chalcopyrite molecule decomposition in the nanosecond overvoltage discharge are determined; these are atoms and singly charged ions of copper and indium in the excited and ionized states. Spectral lines emitted by copper and indium atoms and ions are proposed, which can be used to control the deposition of thin chalcopyrite films in the real-time mode. By numerically solving the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the electron energy distribution function, the electron temperature and density in the discharge, the specific losses of a discharge power for the main electronic processes, and the rate constants of electronic processes, as well as their dependences on the parameter E/N, are calculated for the plasma of vapor-gas mixtures on the basis of nitrogen and chalcopyrite. Thin chalcopyrite films that effectively absorb light in a wide spectral interval (200–800 nm) are synthesized on quartz substrates, by using the gas-discharge method, which opens new prospects for their application in photovoltaic devices.

scholarly journals Application of Microbubbles to Hydroponics Solution Promotes Lettuce Growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Seok Park ◽  
Kenji Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Lettuce Growth ◽  
Leaf Lettuce ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Positively Charged

We investigated the effects of microbubbles, generated by a swivelling microbubble generator in hydroponics nutrient solution, on the growth of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Twenty-four lettuce seedlings at the four- to five-leaf stage each were transplanted into two culture containers at 21 ± 1 °C (day) and 18 ± 1 °C (night) under fluorescent lamps that provided a photosynthetic photon flux of 173 ± 18 and 171 ± 16 μmol·m−2·s−1 averaged at eight points at the canopy level for micro- and macrobubbles conditions, respectively, during a photoperiod of 16 h per day. Seedlings were cultivated for 2 weeks in two deep flow technique (DFT) hydroponics culture systems in which micro- or macrobubbles were produced, respectively, by a microbubble aerator and aquarium aeration stones. The nutrient solution was maintained at a temperature of 22 ± 1 °C during the experiment. Fresh and dry weights of the microbubble-treated lettuce were 2.1 and 1.7 times larger, respectively, than those of the macrobubble-treated lettuce. Although the reasons for growth promotion by microbubbles are still under investigation, we speculate that the larger specific surface area of the microbubbles and negative electronic charges on the microbubbles surfaces may promote growth because microbubbles can attract positively charged ions that are dissolved in the nutrient solution. These results indicate that microbubbles generated in a DFT hydroponics culture system can remarkably promote plant growth.

scholarly journals The efficiency of grain growth in the diffuse interstellar medium

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (2) ◽  
pp. 2438-2445
Author(s):  
F D Priestley ◽  
I De Looze ◽  
M J Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Far Ultraviolet ◽  
Dust Evolution ◽  
Charged Ions ◽  
Positively Charged

ABSTRACT Grain growth by accretion of gas-phase metals is a common assumption in models of dust evolution, but in dense gas, where the time-scale is short enough for accretion to be effective, material is accreted in the form of ice mantles rather than adding to the refractory grain mass. It has been suggested that negatively charged small grains in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) can accrete efficiently due to the Coulomb attraction of positively-charged ions, avoiding this issue. We show that this inevitably results in the growth of the small-grain radii until they become positively charged, at which point further growth is effectively halted. The resulting gas-phase depletions under diffuse ISM conditions are significantly overestimated when a constant grain size distribution is assumed. While observed depletions can be reproduced by changing the initial size distribution or assuming highly efficient grain shattering, both options result in unrealistic levels of far-ultraviolet extinction. We suggest that the observed elemental depletions in the diffuse ISM are better explained by higher initial depletions, combined with inefficient dust destruction by supernovae at moderate ($n_{\rm H}\sim 30 \, {\rm cm}^{-3}$) densities, rather than by higher accretion efficiences.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document