The Mechanism of Destruction Under the Influence of Shock Waves

The spectra of the plasma emitted from the studied samples consist of several dozens of narrow bands superimposed on each other. Tables of spectral lines were used to interpret the spectra. It turned out that the largest number of bands corresponds to the radiation of positively charged ions and atoms of elements that make up the crystal lattices of minerals that make up the studied rocks. Thus, the spectra of the plasma emitted from quartz corresponded to the radiation of atoms and positively charged silicon ions, the charge of which varied from 1 to 4, as well as atoms and positively charged oxygen ions, the charge of which varied from 1 to 3. Positively charged ions and atoms of Si, O, K, Ca, Al and Na, which are part of the crystal lattices of quartz and feldspar, flew out of granites. Positively charged ions and Ca, C and O atoms flew out of the calcite.

Superacid ZrO2–SiO2–SnO2 Mixed Oxide: Synthesis and Study

Superacid ternary ZrO2 SiO2 SnO2 oxide has been synthesized by the sol-gel method with a different atomic ratio Zr:Si:Sn. The highest strength of acid sites has been observed in the ranges of 20 ≤ Zr4+ ≤ 29, 60 ≤ Si4+ ≤ 67, 11 ≤ Sn4+ ≤ 20 at.%. According to the XPS spectra and 119Sn, 29Si MAS NMR spectra of ZrO2 SiO2 SnO2 a partial shift of electron density from zirconium to silicon ions was observed resulting in the formation of superacid Lewis sites. It was shown that superacid Zr29Si60Sn11 mixed oxide efficiently catalyzes acylation of toluene with acetic anhydride at 423 K in a flow reactor with 45% conversion of anhydride at 100% selectivity towards p-methylacetophenone.

Size Effect in Silicon Irradiated with Self Ions

The influence of the thickness of a silicon sample irradiated by silicon ions on the spatial distribution of primary structural defects, phonons, and induced charges is considered. The calculations were performed using the SRIM2013program. The results can be used to analyze the interaction of other types of radiation with silicon wafers, in particular with neutrons.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC COLOR DETERMINATION OF CERAMIC PIGMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION CERAMICS AND REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM

The purpose of this work is the spectrophotometric determination of the color of ceramic pigments for the development of technology for the production of high-quality ceramic paints of a wide color palette for decorating building ceramics, porcelain and faience products. In this regard, using the principles of heterovalent isomorphic substitution of atoms in crystals, the compositions of ceramic pigments were designed on the basis of the anorthite derivatives containing transition elements with the general formula Са1-хMexAl2+xSi2-xО8, where calcium and silicon ions were replaced by aluminum and transition element, Ме – Cо, Ni, Fe, Cr. The color characteristics were taken on the UV-2600 spectrophotometer with «UV Probe» software. Measurement of wavelengths was in the range of -220-1400 nm. For Fe3+ with tetrahedral coordination, the brown color is due to the d–d transition. The absorption wavelengths of the samples corresponded to 758-283 nm. Со2+ is characterized by a coordination number of 4, the wavelengths of the absorbed light are 1328, 776, 625, 551, and 408 nm. In this case, the brightness varies from 5 to 64%. The color of the samples is violet-blue. For the yellow-green complex [NiО6], the absorption bands are located at ⅄ = 894, 693, 622, 385. The absorption spectra of chromium-containing pigments are characterized by the presence of maxima in the region of 536, 408, 310 nm, which corresponds to the green region of the spectrum

SATURATION OF GLASS PARTICLES WITH METAL DURING SINTERING OF A COMPOSITE MATERIAL OF THE IRON–CAST IRON–GLASS SYSTEM

Sintering of multicomponent systems is characterized by a number of features, consisting in the fact that sintering of dissimilar materials is a complex eutectic process. Along with self-diffusion, which causes the transfer of mass to the contact area of the particles, there is mutual diffusion, which ensures the homogenization of the composition by equalizing the concentrations of unlike atoms within the sample. Under conditions of limited solubility or complete insolubility of the components, sintering of the system is complicated by the isolation of homogeneous particles from mutual contact, hindering self-diffusion and thereby worsening the sintering conditions. The saturation of particles of vacuum glass brand S88–5 (GOST 11.027.010–75, Russia) and glass “Pyrex” (TS, Russia), which are part of iron and “iron-cast iron glass” materials, depending on the sintering temperature, has been studied. To improve the interfacial interaction, and, consequently, to increase the mechanical and tribotechnical properties of powdered iron-glass materials, the effect of the glass melting temperature on the saturation of glass with metal was investigated. The dependences of the content of base metal and silicon ions in glass on the sintering temperature are plotted. The effect of the glass melting temperature on increasing the saturation of glass with metal is predicted. The saturation of the glass with the base metal depends on the viscosity of the glass at sintering temperatures and is accompanied by an increase in microhardness and refractive indices up to 1.2 times compared to the initial state of the glass. The microhardness of particles of vacuum glass of grade S88-5 after sintering of metal-glass samples increases noticeably than in samples with Pyrex glass. When sintering "iron-cast iron-glass" materials, the metal base is saturated with silicon, which leads to an increase in the hardness of iron up to 1.8 times