scholarly journals Variations in the Health Conditions of 6 Chicago Community Areas: A Case for Local-Level Data

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1485-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ami M. Shah ◽  
Steven Whitman ◽  
Abigail Silva
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Level Data

scholarly journals Can Digitalization Help Deter Corruption in Africa?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (68) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmané Ouedraogo ◽  
Amadou Sy
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
Submarine Cables ◽  
Use Of Internet

This paper studies the effect of digitalization on the perception of corruption and trust in tax officials in Africa. Using individual-level data from Afrobarometer surveys and several indices of digitalization, we find that an increase in digital adoption is associated with a reduction in the perception of corruption and an increase in trust in tax officials. Exploiting the exogeneous deployment of submarine cables at the local level, the paper provides evidence of a negative impact of the use of Internet on the perception of corruption. Yet, the paper shows that the dampening effect of digitalization on corruption is hindered in countries where the government has a pattern of intentionally shutting down the Internet, while countries that successfully promote information and communication technology (ICT) enjoy a more amplified effect.

Local Labor Market Inequality in the Age of Mass Incarceration

2020 ◽  
pp. 003464462096602
Author(s):  
Luke Petach ◽  
Anita Alves Pena
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Incarceration Rate ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Level Data ◽  
White Poverty

We contend that the rise of mass incarceration in the United States can be framed through the lens of stratification economics, which views race- and class-based discrimination as a rational attempt on behalf of privileged groups to preserve their relative status and the material benefits which that status confers. Using the first (to our knowledge) local-level data set on incarceration rates by race, we explore the relationship between income inequality, poverty, and incarceration at the commuting zone level from 1950 to the present. Consistent with Michelle Alexander’s hypothesis that expansion of the penal system and the rise of “tough on crime” policy were efforts by privileged groups to drive a wedge into working-class political coalitions formed out of the Civil Rights Movement, we find that labor markets with greater inequality experienced larger increases in the overall incarceration rate. Furthermore, we find that relative rates of poverty play a key role in explaining differential effects of mass incarceration across race. Areas where White poverty rates were large relative to non-White poverty rates experienced no significant change in White incarceration, but an expansion of non-White incarceration. These findings have implications for policies related to economic and judicial systems.

A Multilevel Investigation into Contextual Reliability in the Designation of Cognitive Health Conditions among U.S. Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-197
Author(s):  
Dara Shifrer ◽  
Rachel Fish
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
School Level ◽  
Event History ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Urban School District ◽  
English Learner ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Magnet Program ◽  
Level Data ◽  
History Approach

Unreliable diagnoses (e.g., based on inconsistent criteria, subjective) may be inaccurate and even inequitable. This study uses an event history approach with yearly child- and school-level data from 378,919 children in a large urban school district in the southwestern United States between 2006–2007 and 2011–2012 to investigate contextual reliability in the designation of cognitive health conditions (e.g., autism, learning disabilities). This study’s findings suggest the likelihood of designation is higher in schools with more resources (higher teacher-to-student ratio, student population with more resources at home, charter school or magnet program), controlling on student-level differences. Cross-level interactions suggest children’s likelihood of designation also may be higher if they are distinctive relative to other students in their school, sometimes even in terms of nonclinical qualities (race, English Learner status).

scholarly journals SPATIAL DEMOGRAPHIC DATA FOR PLANNING AND RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nai Peng Tey ◽  
Rozita Talha ◽  
Ezatul Nisha Abdul Rahman ◽  
Muhamad Fadzil Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Business Planning ◽  
Resource Reallocation ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Social Statistics ◽  
Small Area Statistics ◽  
Regional Imbalance

In Malaysia, spatial demographic studies are lacking due to data paucity. This exploratory study illustrates the relevance of spatial demographic data for development and business planning at the local level. Data for this study came from Malaysian population censuses, vital statistics reports and social statistics bulletins. Bivariate analyses were performed to present some examples of the potential use of spatial demographic data for more target-oriented planning. Data show that the population in several densely populated districts continues to grow rapidly. Hence, development planning should aim to forestall the exacer-bation of the regional imbalance. Localities with high birth rate and rapid population ageing must be prepared to cope with the changing demographic scenario. The wide variations in pupil-teacher ratio across districts indicate the need for resource reallocation. The under-reporting of births and deaths in the remote areas may result in misallocation of health and educational resources. Comparisons of indictors from different data sources demonstrate data inconsistency and deficiency. This study aims to present a strong case for collecting and disseminating small area statistics to enhance spatial demographic research for socio-economic development, infrastructural, regional and business planning.

scholarly journals Where you Live Matters: A Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Javaheri
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
State Level ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Choropleth Mapping ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Mortality Ratio

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused ~ 2 million fatalities. Significant progress has been made in advancing our understanding of the disease process, one of the unanswered questions, however, is the anomaly in the case/mortality ratio with Mexico as a clear example. Herein, this anomaly is explored by spatial analysis and whether mortality varies locally according to local factors. To address this, hexagonal cartogram maps (hexbin) used to spatially map COVID-19 mortality and visualise association with patient-level data on demographics and pre-existing health conditions. This was further interrogated at local Mexico City level by choropleth mapping. Our data show that the use of hexagonal cartograms is a better approach for spatial mapping of COVID-19 data in Mexico as it addresses bias in area size and population. We report sex/age-related spatial relationship with mortality amongst the Mexican states and a trend between health conditions and mortality at the state level. Within Mexico City, there is a clear south, north divide with higher mortality in the northern municipalities. Deceased patients in these northern municipalities have the highest pre-existing health conditions. Taken together, this study provides an improved presentation of COVID-19 mapping in Mexico and demonstrates spatial divergence of the mortality in Mexico.

scholarly journals An “Organizational Triangle” to Coordinate Talent Development: A Case Study in Danish Swimming

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Winthereik Mathorne ◽  
Kristoffer Henriksen ◽  
Natalia Stambulova
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Talent Development ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Working Model ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis

This case study in Danish swimming was informed by a holistic ecological approach in talent development and aimed to explore (a) collaborative relationships between the Danish swimming federation, a municipality, and a local swimming club, termed “an organizational triangle,” and (b) factors influencing the success of their collaboration at the local level. Data collection and analysis were guided by the athletic-talent-development-environment (working) model and a newly developed collaboration-success-factors (CSF) model. Methods included interviews with talent-development coordinators representing the organizations and analysis of documents. Results allowed the authors to transform the CSF (working) model into an empirical model containing the collaboration preconditions (e.g., power to make decisions), processes (e.g., strategic planning), and initiatives (e.g., efficient use of the swimming pool) and shared assumptions of the talent-development philosophy (e.g., long-term focus). The success of this organizational triangle was visible in the way the organizations increased the quality of talent development in the local swimming club.

Self-Preserving Leviathans Evidence from Local-Level Data

Kyklos ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Kluge ◽  
Gunther Markwardt ◽  
Christian Thater
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Level Data

Economic Issues in Cigarette and Alcohol Advertising

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Saffer
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
National Data ◽  
Alcohol Advertising ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Yearly Change ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intervening Factors ◽  
Contrast Studies

The effects of advertising on cigarette and alcohol consumption are controversial, and research on the subject has produced mixed results. An economic theory underlying the general relationship between advertising and consumption can help explain what type of data is needed to study this question. Studies that use national data on annual advertising expenditures measure advertising at a high level with little yearly change and are likely to find no effect on consumption. In contrast, studies that use local-level data measured over the course of a year find wide variation in the level of advertising and are likely to conclude that advertising increases consumption. To mitigate consumption increases, some countries and localities have tested advertising bans or counteradvertising campaigns. Studies of advertising bans show a decrease in consumption to some degree when intervening factors are controlled. Counteradvertising likewise is found to reduce consumption. Policymakers can choose from various combinations of advertising bans, counteradvertising, and advertising taxation to curb consumption.

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