scholarly journals Tingkat Dukungan Domestik untuk Sektor Pertanian Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahlim Sudaryanto ◽  
Mohammad Iqbal ◽  
Reni Kustiari ◽  
Saktyanu K. Dermoredjo ◽  
Chairul Muslim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Price Support ◽  
Private Sector Investment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Domestic Support

<p>There is common perception that domestic support to agriculture in Indonesia is relatively small. Therefore, the level, composition, and trend of support to agriculture require an in-depth analysis.  Some types of commonly used indicators on support to agriculture are <em>Producer Support Estimate </em>(PSE), <em>Total Support Estimate </em>(TSE), and<em> General Services Support Estimate </em>(GSSE). These indicators are analyzed for Indonesian agriculture covering the period of 1995–2014, and consist of 15 commodities. The PSE estimate indicates an increasing trend from 3.9% in 1995–1997 to 20.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the PSE of Indonesian agriculture was slightly higher than that of China (19.2%) but larger compared to that of OECD average (17.9%). The<em> </em>TSE estimate (% to GDP) significantly increased from 0.8% in 1995–1997 to 3.6% in 2012–2014. In 2012–2014 the TSE of agriculture in Indonesia was the largest. Agricultural support in term of market price support has caused an increased price at the consumer level which ultimately reduces food nutrition intake. In the long run, more effective policy is to promote agricultural production and productivity through innovation, investment on infrastructures, and easing private sector investment. The largest part of government budget is spent on fertilizer subsidy which proportionately benefits large-scale farmers and fertilizer industry. More efficient scheme is to convert this subsidy into direct payment targeted to small-scale farmers.</p><p> </p><p align="left">Abstrak</p><p>Selama ini ada anggapan umum bahwa dukungan domestik (<em>domestic</em> <em>supports)</em> terhadap sektor pertanian Indonesia masih relatif rendah. Sehubungan itu, besaran dan komposisi dukungan serta bagaimana perubahannya antarwaktu, perlu dianalisis dengan seksama. Beberapa indikator yang biasa digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat dukungan tersebut adalah <em>Producer Support Estimate </em>(PSE), <em>Total Support Estimate </em>(TSE), dan<em> </em>(<em>General Services Support Estimate </em>(GSSE). Berbagai indikator tersebut telah dianalisis untuk sektor pertanian Indonesia meliputi periode tahun 1995–2014 dan mencakup 15 komoditas. Nilai PSE menunjukkan tren<em> </em>peningkatan dari 3,9% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 20,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai PSE sektor pertanian Indonesia sedikit lebih tinggi dari Tiongkok (19,2%), namun lebih tinggi dari negara-negara OECD (17,9%). Nilai TSE sektor pertanian Indonesia (% terhadap PDB) meningkat secara signifikan dari 0,8% tahun 1995–1997 menjadi 3,6% tahun 2012–2014. Pada tahun 2012–2014 nilai TSE Indonesia adalah yang tertinggi. Hasil analisis ini menolak anggapan umum bahwa perhatian pemerintah terhadap sektor pertanian relatif kurang. Dukungan terhadap sektor pertanian dalam bentuk perlindungan harga akan berdampak pada peningkatan harga pangan di tingkat konsumen yang pada akhirnya menurunkan asupan gizi masyarakat.  Dalam jangka panjang, prioritas kebijakan yang lebih efektif adalah peningkatan produksi dan produktivitas melalui sistem inovasi, pembangunan infrastruktur, dan mempermudah investasi swasta. Sebagian besar transfer anggaran pemerintah untuk sektor pertanian adalah subsidi pupuk yang secara kumulatif lebih banyak dinikmati oleh para petani luas dan produsen pupuk.  Skema yang lebih efisien adalah mengonversi subsidi tersebut ke dalam sistem transfer pendapatan dan dibatasi hanya untuk petani kecil.</p>

scholarly journals Large-scale agricultural investments in Eastern Africa: consequences for small-scale farmers and the environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-357
Author(s):  
Julie Gwendolin Zaehringer ◽  
Peter Messerli ◽  
Markus Giger ◽  
Boniface Kiteme ◽  
Ali Atumane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Agricultural Investments

scholarly journals Farm Size, Risk Aversion and Overuse of Fertilizer: The Heterogeneity of Large-Scale and Small-Scale Wheat Farmers in Northern China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Haixia Wu ◽  
Hantao Hao ◽  
Hongzhen Lei ◽  
Yan Ge ◽  
Hengtong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Deviation Degree ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

The excessive use of fertilizer has resulted in serious environmental degradation and a high health cost in China. Understanding the reasons for the overuse of fertilizer is critical to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture, and large-scale operation is considered as one of the measures to deal with the excessive fertilizer use. Under the premise of fully considering the resource endowment and heterogeneity of large-scale farmers and small-scale farmers in production and management, different production decision-making frameworks were constructed. Based on the 300 large-scale farmers and 480 small-scale farmers in eight provinces of northern China wheat region, we analyzed the optimal fertilizer use amount and its deviation as well as the influencing factors of small-scale and large-scale farmers, then further clarified whether the development of scale management could solve the problem of excessive fertilizer use. The empirical results show that: (1) both small-scale farmers and large-scale farmers deviated from the optimal fertilizer application amount, where the deviation degree of optimal fertilizer application of small-scale farmers is significantly higher than that of large-scale farmers, with a deviation degree of 35.43% and 23.69% for small and large scale farmers, respectively; (2) not all wheat growers in North China had the problem of excessive use of chemical fertilizer, as the optimal level of chemical fertilizer application in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia are 346.5 kgha−1 and 335.25 kgha−1, while the actual fertilizer use amount was 337.2 kgha−1 and 324.6 kgha−1, respectively; and (3) the higher the risk aversion level, farmers tended to apply more fertilizer to ensure grain output. Therefore, increasing farm size should be integrated into actions such as improving technological innovation and providing better information transfer to achieve the goal of zero-increase in Chinese fertilizer use.

scholarly journals Food pedagogy for transformative social change

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Klinke ◽  
Gertrude Korkor Samar
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Urban Farming ◽  
Transformative Engagement ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

The contemporary global agrarian regime has altered the patterns of food production, circulation, and consumption. Its efforts towards food security vis-á-vis capitalist modes of mechanized cultivation have produced large-scale climatic and socioeconomic ramifications, including the dispossession of small-scale farmers from their lands and positions in market value-chains. In an effort to improve the dynamics of contemporary agro-food systems, food practitioners and scholars are engaging in critical analyses of land-grabbing, the feminization of agriculture, extractive-led development, and more. However, we argue that there is a gap between Food Studies scholarship and community-based transformative engagement. To support social justice frameworks, our paper calls for an academic paradigm shift wherein learner-centered experiential classrooms bridge academic-public divides and enhance student learning. Through a case-study of urban farming in Calgary, we also explore topics in place-based learning and participatory approaches that acknowledge and integrate Indigenous ways of knowing, doing, being, and connecting. Our paper provides strategies for supporting local food systems through activist scholarship, capacity building of leadership and technical skills in advanced urban farming, and intercultural relationship building. We conclude by evaluating the success of our approach, presenting potential benefits and challenges, and providing recommendations for best practices in food scholarship to support transformative change.

scholarly journals Low-cost Large Scale Vermicompost Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 2115 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
Sonam Solanki ◽  
Gunendra Mahore
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Key Innovation ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Term Maintenance

Abstract In the current process of producing vermicompost on a large-scale, the main challenge is to keep the worms alive. This is achieved by maintaining temperature and moisture in their living medium. It is a difficult task to maintain these parameters throughout the process. Currently, this is achieved by building infrastructure but this method requires a large initial investment and long-run maintenance. Also, these methods are limited to small-scale production. For large-scale production, a unit is developed which utilises natural airflow with water and automation. The main aim of this unit is to provide favourable conditions to worms in large-scale production with very low investment and minimum maintenance in long term. The key innovation of this research is that the technology used in the unit should be practical and easy to adopt by small farmers. For long-term maintenance of the technology lesser number of parts are used.

Transformation from Subsistence to Commercial Agriculture in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
pp. 409-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abiodun E. Obayelu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Policies And Programs

Agriculture is in critical state in Nigeria with domestic food production being less than the growing population. The chapter analyzes the ongoing transformation of subsistence agriculture to commercial in Nigeria and the attendant effects of large-scale land acquisition on small-scale farmers. It uses both theoretical and empirical research designs with direct interviews of relevant stakeholders and case studies. It reviews past and present policies and programs aimed at transforming agriculture from subsistence to commercial in Nigeria. The results reveal that large-scale land acquisition and farming is not new in Nigeria. Acquisitions of land by foreigners has always been with the help and consent of government, unlike the case when it involves indigenous investors. Acquisitions have in most cases been characterized by conflicts between the landowners or tillers and investors. To transition successfully from subsistence to commercial agriculture, there is a need for strong collective actions between the depraved land owners, government, and investors.

Community-Based Microtrade in Support of Small-Scale Farmers in Thailand and Tanzania

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Neef ◽  
Kei Mizuno ◽  
Iven Schad ◽  
Pakakrong M. Williams ◽  
Franklin Rwezimula
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Northwestern Tanzania ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Participatory Research Methods ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Small Producers

Drawing on two action-research projects conducted between 2007 and 2011, this paper compares the benefits of pro-poor microtrade arrangements for smallholder litchi growers in northern Thailand and small-scale vanilla growers in northwestern Tanzania. The case studies combine various qualitative and participatory research methods with an in-depth analysis of the underlying social, economic and knowledge networks. Theoretically, our research is grounded in the concept of strategic niche management, which emphasizes networking, experiential learning, and the convergence of expectations among producers, exporters, consumers and supporting agencies. Our findings suggest that community-based microtrade with high-value agricultural products can be particularly beneficial for small producers and marginalized groups, such as women and the elderly. Evidence from the comparative study of the two cases further underscores the importance of external knowledge and innovation intermediaries in the formation of community-based and pro-poor microtrade arrangements. We conclude that long-term knowledge and innovation partnerships need to be established to successfully connect smallholder farmers to international markets and to carefully balance the power differentials among all actors along the supply chain.

A two-stage approach for assessment of distributional impacts in model-based delta planning: exploration of plausible inequality patterns and justice-based evaluation of policies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bramka Arga Jafino ◽  
Jan Kwakkel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Adaptation Planning ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Adaptation Policies ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
New Policies ◽  
Distributional Impacts

&lt;p&gt;Climate-related inequality can arise from the implementation of adaptation policies. As an example, the dike expansion policy for protecting rice farmers in the Vietnam Mekong Delta in the long run backfires to the small-scale farmers. The prevention of annual flooding reduces the supply of natural sediments, forcing farmers to apply more and more fertilizers to achieve the same yield. While large-scale farmers can afford this, small-scale farmers do not possess the required economics of scale and are thus harmed eventually. Together with climatic and socioeconomic uncertainties, the implementation of new policies can not only exacerbate existing inequalities, but also induce new inequalities. Hence, distributional impacts to affected stakeholders should be assessed in climate change adaptation planning.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we propose a two-stage approach to assess the distributional impacts of policies in model-based support for adaptation planning. The first stage is intended to explore potential inequality patterns that may emerge due to combination of new policies and the realization of exogenous scenarios. This stage comprises four steps: (i) disaggregation of performance indicators in the model in order to observe distributional impacts, (ii) performance of large-scale simulation experimentation to account for deep uncertainties, (iii) clustering of simulation results to identify distinctive inequality patterns, and (iv) application of scenario discovery tools, in particular classification and regression trees, to identify combinations of policies and uncertainties that lead to a specific inequality pattern.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the second stage we attempt to asses which policies are morally preferable with respect to the inequality patterns they generate, rather than only descriptively explore the patterns which is the case in the previous stage. To perform a normative evaluation of the distributional impacts, we operationalize five alternative principles of justice: improvement of total welfare (utilitarianism), prioritization of worse-off actors (prioritarianism), reduction of welfare differences across actors (two derivations: absolute inequality and envy measure), and improvement of worst-off actor (Rawlsian difference). The different operationalization of each of these principles forms the so-called social welfare function with which the distributional impacts can be aggregated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To test this approach, we use an agricultural planning case study in the upper Vietnam Mekong Delta. Specifically, we assess the distributional impacts of alternative adaptation policies in the upper Vietnam Mekong Delta by using an integrated assessment model. We consider six alternative policies as well as uncertainties related to upstream discharge, sediment supply, and land-use change. Through the first stage, we identify six potential inequality patterns among the 23 districts in the study area, as well as the combinations of policies and uncertainties that result in these types of patterns. From applying the second stage we obtain complete rankings of alternative policies, based on their performance with respect to distributional impacts, under different realizations of scenarios. The explorative stage allows policy-makers to identify potential actions to compensate worse-off actors while the normative stage helps them to easily rank alternative policies based on a preferred moral principle.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals A Large-Scale Pseudoword-Based Evaluation Framework for State-of-the-Art Word Sense Disambiguation

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Taher Pilehvar ◽  
Roberto Navigli
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Sense Disambiguation ◽  
The Impact

The evaluation of several tasks in lexical semantics is often limited by the lack of large amounts of manual annotations, not only for training purposes, but also for testing purposes. Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) is a case in point, as hand-labeled datasets are particularly hard and time-consuming to create. Consequently, evaluations tend to be performed on a small scale, which does not allow for in-depth analysis of the factors that determine a systems' performance. In this paper we address this issue by means of a realistic simulation of large-scale evaluation for the WSD task. We do this by providing two main contributions: First, we put forward two novel approaches to the wide-coverage generation of semantically aware pseudowords (i.e., artificial words capable of modeling real polysemous words); second, we leverage the most suitable type of pseudoword to create large pseudosense-annotated corpora, which enable a large-scale experimental framework for the comparison of state-of-the-art supervised and knowledge-based algorithms. Using this framework, we study the impact of supervision and knowledge on the two major disambiguation paradigms and perform an in-depth analysis of the factors which affect their performance.

scholarly journals Design and Fabrication of Semi Automatic Coconut Copra Electric Dryer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-641
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Adverse Weather Condition ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
High Initial Cost ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

In India Coconut is the major plantation crop in the states of Tamilnadu, kerala, Karnataka, Kongan region of Maharastra and Andaman and Nicobar Islands for entire seasons. Copra is the major product from the coconut cultivation earning higher income of small and medium livelihoods. The approval of copra quality is mainly based on how well the copra got dried. Open drying or other conventional methods is the major process of making copra. In adverse weather condition, rainy season the drying process will be very challenging. Many dryers are made and used currently was affordable to medium and large scale copra producers. Those dryers also having limitations in size, high initial cost and nature dependency. There is very few attempt made for Small and individual household copra producers. This paper mainly focuses on how to dry-up the copra in all climate conditions. An electric handy dryer is designed to dry up the coconut copra and other grains. It mainly helps the small scale farmers as a handy dryer unit to dry-up the copra, those who are using coconut as a way of income. Based on the experiments conducted the electric dryer removed high moisture content than forced convection and direct sun dryers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document