small scale farmers
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2022 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Fromm

Coffee is an important agricultural sector in Central American, directly employing over 1.2 million people in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Although export revenues from coffee trade have an overall positive effect on the gross domestic product (GDP) of these countries, poverty still prevails. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed additional pressure on the sector which is vulnerable to fluctuations in the international coffee prices, low productivity levels, and climate change effects and damages caused by pest and diseases. This paper examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and analyzes if the sector is resilient to withstand unexpected external shocks such as the pandemic and the hurricanes which impacted the region in the last months of 2020. The capacity to absorb, adapt, and/or transform to these shocks was assessed from the perspective of small-scale coffee farmers, traders, exporters and the entire sector in two time periods—immediately after the start of the pandemic and after the coffee harvest. Although the actors in the coffee value chain absorbed these shocks and could withstand them, adaptation to the disruptions has been challenging for small-scale farmers. Despite the vulnerability to unexpected external shocks, results indicate that a long-term transformation of the sector to build resilience is likely to be slow.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jaco Maritz ◽  
Mark Peters

Learning outcomes The teaching objectives of the case are as follows: to develop an understanding of the scope and complexity of strategy and marketing; to examine what is meant by purpose, direction, objectives and consider how these might be set and used; to help students think and act in a strategic way; to give faculty the opportunity to illustrate the strategist’s and marketer’s toolbox, namely, tools and frameworks, such as Porters 5 Forces – The attractiveness of the industry, Porter’s Generic Marketing Strategies, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis, the 4P’s – with a focus on product and distribution. The case is intended for use in MBA and Executive education courses in strategy, marketing and leadership. The case offers relevant experiences and instructive lessons in formulating and implementing business strategies. The case highlights the importance of contextual leadership intelligence and competence in enabling entrepreneurial business activities. Case overview/synopsis Tomato Jos (Nigeria) is a large tomato processing business in Kaduna, Nigeria. Nigeria is the second-largest producer of tomatoes in Africa, with Egypt as the largest. The country ranks 14th overall as a world producer. In Africa, and specifically Nigeria, there is a strong push to support small-scale farmers as a source of employment creation, as well as meeting the needs of food security. The CEO, Mira Mehata, is an ex-pat graduate from the USA with strong Agri sector experience. The business has received extensive support from the Kaduna Government as the business has secondary objectives to assist small-scale farmers in the region. Farmers need consistent off takers and reasonable set prices to see a return on their investment and Tomato Jos plays that role of being the middle-man. This results in less wasted produce – the bane of farmers globally. The price for fresh tomatoes is about three times that of processed tomatoes IE in paste or sauce – so that is an added challenge for farmers to see the value in processed tomatoes. The business currently has a 2% Market Share in Nigeria with a target of 10% over the next five years. The business so far has invested three billion Naira and plans a further five billion Naira over the next few years. The business is seen as a high-profile success story with a supportive eco-system with a push from both the Nigerian Government and some major private sector players example Dangote. Complexity academic level The case is intended for use in MBA and Executive education courses in Strategy, Marketing and Leadership. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CCS 11: Strategy.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 380-393
Author(s):  
Kirui Peter ◽  
Paulo K Koech

The introduction of tea as a cash crop in Kericho revolutionised farming among the Kipsigis of Kericho. While the independence of Kenya in 1963 was expected to come along with economic empowerment and freedom among its people, many still struggle to meet their daily needs and live below the poverty line. For Kericho residents, MNC’s continued their domination in plantation tea farming at the expense of the local communities who are wallowing in poverty. Although MNC’s contribute in the provision of social services to the local community as part of their corporate social responsibility, this assistance is a drop in the ocean considering the massive capital and technology that these corporations wield and which have been instrumental in relegating the small scale farmers to the periphery and creating dependency. This study explored the implication of MNC’s engaged in plantation tea farming in Kericho District (presently Kericho County) on local peasant farmers.


2022 ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
Neil Miller ◽  
Putso Nyathi ◽  
Jean Twilingiyumukiza

Abstract In order for Conservation Agriculture (CA) to reach and impact small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), CA technologies need to be adapted to suit the diversity of agroecological zones and cultures present on the continent. Training materials for CA promotion need to be similarly customizable to help extension staff and farmers develop their own, context-appropriate solutions from among the many possible CA approaches. From 2015 through 2018, a diverse set of farmer-level training materials for CA and complementary technologies was developed and field-tested by Canadian Foodgrains Bank partners. Together with a participatory, adaptive training methodology, these materials have enhanced the effectiveness of CA promotion, and they have been made available for copyright-free download in English, French, Kiswahili, Portuguese and Amharic (http://caguide.act-africa.org/, accessed 6 August 2021). This paper describes the process of developing these materials as well as challenges and constraints to their utilization.


2022 ◽  
pp. 284-292
Author(s):  
John E. Sariah ◽  
Frank Mmbando

Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA)-based Sustainable Intensification (CASI) practices in this study comprised minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, intercropping of maize and legumes, and use of improved crop genotypes and fertilizers, and were tested on-farm in different agroecologies in northern and eastern Tanzania. The results for six consecutive years of study indicate increased adoption of CASI practices compared to the baseline year (2010). The major impacts of these practices were reduced production costs, labour savings and overall increased crop and land productivity. The average area allocated to improved maize-legume (ML) intercrop rose during the project period by 5.28 ha per household, of which 15% was under complete CASI practices. Adoption trends show that, on average, 6.5% of adopters across the study and spillover communities started adoption in the 2nd year and about 14% of farmers adopted the practices over the next 3-5 years. Demographic and human capital (family size, education, age and farming experience), on-farm CASI demonstrations, farmer to farmer exchange visits, social capital (farmers' group or a cooperative), access to input and output markets (improved seeds, herbicides, fertilizers, insecticides and equipment) and food security were found to have positive and significant effects on adoption of a range of CASI practices. These results suggest continued and long-term efforts in investments in demonstrations, institutionalizing CASI practices in NARS, and good links to input and output markets, including appropriate machinery, are necessary to achieve sustained adoption.


2022 ◽  
pp. 225-248
Author(s):  
Alpana Gupta ◽  
Athar Hussain

Agriculture is one of India's most significant industries, serving half of the nation. Climate is a big factor for agricultural production. Agriculture is primarily rain-fed and subjected by small-scale farmers. Rain-fed crops are 48% of the overall area under food crops and 68% on non-food crops. The complete worldwide agricultural production in India accounts for 7.39%. India's total emissions from all GHGs in 2014, according to the World Resource Institutes, total about 3,200 MTCO2 eq out of 48,892 MTCO2s eq worldwide in 2014. Agriculture is ascribed 626.86 2 MTCO2 eq of the Indian greenhouse gas emissions averaged in 2014 of 3,200 MTCO2 eq. This chapter reviews the concept of sustainable agriculture, establishes the link between climate change and agriculture, the origination of climate-smart agriculture, and relevant practical approaches, case studies, and geospatial assessment methods responding to climate-smart agriculture.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminu Saleh

Post-harvest processes of millet rely on labour-intensive manual operations in Nigeria while its produce is associated with contaminants. A manually-operated destoner was developed to increase grain value for commercial production and reduce drudgery. To construct the destoner sieves, physical properties of one thousand randomly selected grains were determined digital Vernier callipers. Millet grains to be destoned was fed through the upper portion of the destoner being operated through the crank handle while the pure grains were collected at the discharge outlet. Results obtained shows the geometric diameter of the grains increase progressively from 3.51-4.22mm as moisture content increases. A screen aperture of 3.5mm was constructed. Grains’ surface area, volume and sphericity increased from 22.67-34.82mm², 8.19-13.98mm³ and 0.691-0.776g respectively. Mass, true density and terminal velocity of 1000 seed increased from 13.56-43.84g, 1548.91-1689.87kg/m³ and 2.69-4.58m/s respectively. The bulk density of millet also increased as moisture content increases but decreased beyond 12.5% moisture level indicating that millet floats on  water and was transpoted with the aid of an auger. About 50kg of millet was poured into the destoner to occupy its  ⅓ capacity while the remaining ⅔ was filled with water. Destoner output was  at 95% efficiency.Key words: Destoner, Millet, Processing, Properties, Contaminants


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Apri Laila Sayekti ◽  
Rima Setiani ◽  
Nur Qomariah Hayati ◽  
Rizka Amalia Nugrahapsari ◽  
Sulusi Prabawati ◽  
...  

<p>Keputusan untuk mengadopsi varietas atau teknologi baru, terutama bagi petani skala kecil,  sangat dipengaruhi oleh kepemilikan sumber daya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi pengaruh kepemilikan aset produksi petani terhadap keputusan petani menggunakan Varietas Unggul Baru (VUB) pepaya Merah Delima. Survei dilaksanakan di beberapa sentra produksi pepaya (Sumatra Barat, Riau, Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Barat) melibatkan 46 responden terpilih yang terdiri atas 17 petani pengguna pepaya Merah Delima dan 29 petani penanam pepaya varietas lainnya. Faktor-faktor determinan penggunaan varietas dianalisis dengan menggunakan model regresi Logit dan Tobit. Ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana produksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan petani menggunakan VUB pepaya Merah Delima. Pengaruh sarana dan prasarana produksi terhadap  probabilitas peningkatan penggunaan varietas lebih dominan dibanding pengaruh faktor-faktor lainnya. Oleh karena itu, program pengembangan VUB pepaya Merah Delima lebih lanjut disarankan perlu didukung dengan bantuan penyediaan alat semprot (sprayer) bertenaga mesin atau ditargetkan di lokasi-lokasi yang tidak terlalu bermasalah dengan tata kelola air.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Adopsi; Pepaya Merah Delima; Varietas Unggul Baru</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The decision to adopt a new variety or technology, especially for small-scale farmers, is heavily influenced by resource ownership. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of farmer production asset ownership on farmers’ decisions to use Merah Delima papaya high yielding variety (HYV). The survey was conducted in several papaya production centers (West Sumatra, Riau, East Java, Central Java, and West Java) involving 46 selected respondents consisting of 17 farmers using Merah Delima papaya and 29 farmers growing other papaya cultivars. The determinants of farmer decision were analyzed using the Logit and Tobit regression models. The results show that the availability of production facilities and infrastructure has significant effects on farmers’ decisions to use Merah Delima papaya HYV. The influence of production facilities and infrastructure on the probability of increasing the usage of Merah Delima papaya is more dominant than the influence of other factors. Therefore, it is recommended that further Merah Delima papaya HYV development program needs to be supported by the assistance of providing farmers with machine-powered sprayers or prioritized at locations that have few water/irrigation management problems.</p>


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