scholarly journals Comparative Sensitivities and Specificities of Four Rapid Influenza A Antigen Detection Kits for Detection of H1N1, H3N2 and H5N1

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Shu Shen ◽  
Dawei Shi ◽  
Haiwei Zhou ◽  
Yabin Tian ◽  
Donglai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Diagnostic Kits ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics ◽  
Positive Results

<p>Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. Rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of pandemic influenza A virus are valuable for their ease using and accurate diagnosis of influenza. Many rapid influenza diagnostic kits were introduced recently. Hence, the sensitivities and specificities of them for testing influenza viruses need to monitor. In this study, the sensitivities and specificities of four diagnostic immunochromatographic assay kits for H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1 were evaluated. For the detection of the three H1N1, three H3N2 and one H5N1 virus line, rapid diagnostic tests exhibited excellent specificity (all positive). And no false-positive results were obtained. They differed in respect to the sensitivity, especially in the lower haemagglutinin titer. However, all of them achieve the requirements of National Institutes for food and drug Control (NIFDC). Commercial influenza immunochromatographic assay kits are useful tools for the rapid diagnosis of influenza. Nonetheless, confirmatory testing is always recommended.</p>

scholarly journals Influenza: An Emerging and Re-emerging Public Health Threat in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Bishnu Prasad Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics

Influenza virus type A and B are responsible for seasonal epidemics as well as pandemics in human. Influenza A viruses are further divided into two major groups namely, low pathogenic seasonal influenza (A/H1N1, A/H1N1 pdm09, A/H3N2) and highly pathogenic influenza virus (H5N1, H5N6, H7N9) on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Mutations, including substitutions, deletions, and insertions, are one of the most important mechanisms for producing new variant of influenza viruses. During the last 30 years; more than 50 viral threat has been evolved in South-East Asian countriesof them influenza is one of the major emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases of global concern. Similar to tropical and sub-tropical countries of Southeast Asia; circulation of A/H1N1 pdm09, A/H3N2 and influenza B has been circulating throughout the year with the peak during July-November in Nepal. However; the rate of infection transmission reach peak during the post-rain and winter season of Nepal.

scholarly journals Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Thi-Quyen Nguyen ◽  
Rare Rollon ◽  
Young-Ki Choi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Viral Pathogenesis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Seasonal Epidemics

Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model—including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates—for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Eco-Epidemiological Evidence of the Transmission of Avian and Human Influenza A Viruses in Wild Pigs in Campeche, Mexico

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Brenda Aline Maya-Badillo ◽  
Rafael Ojeda-Flores ◽  
Andrea Chaves ◽  
Saul Reveles-Félix ◽  
Guillermo Orta-Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fragmented Habitats ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Positive Results

Influenza, a zoonosis caused by various influenza A virus subtypes, affects a wide range of species, including humans. Pig cells express both sialyl-α-2,3-Gal and sialyl-α-2,6-Gal receptors, which make them susceptible to infection by avian and human viruses, respectively. To date, it is not known whether wild pigs in Mexico are affected by influenza virus subtypes, nor whether this would make them a potential risk of influenza transmission to humans. In this work, 61 hogs from two municipalities in Campeche, Mexico, were sampled. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were performed in 61 serum samples, and positive results were found for human H1N1 (11.47%), swine H1N1 (8.19%), and avian H5N2 (1.63%) virus variants. qRT-PCR assays were performed on the nasal swab, tracheal, and lung samples, and 19.67% of all hogs were positive to these assays. An avian H5N2 virus, first reported in 1994, was identified by sequencing. Our results demonstrate that wild pigs are participating in the exposure, transmission, maintenance, and possible diversification of influenza viruses in fragmented habitats, highlighting the synanthropic behavior of this species, which has been poorly studied in Mexico.

scholarly journals Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Identifying Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in Clinical Samples

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Chen ◽  
Dayan Wang ◽  
Shufa Zheng ◽  
Yuelong Shu ◽  
Wenxiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
H7n9 Virus

Clinical performance of three rapid diagnostic tests for influenza virus in nasopharyngeal specimens to detect novel swine-origin influenza viruses

Infection ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pongthanapisith ◽  
C. Sukasem ◽  
K. Premchaiporn ◽  
C. Srichantaratsamee ◽  
W. Chantratita
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Influenza Viruses

scholarly journals Effectiveness of two rapid influenza tests in comparison to reverse transcription-PCR for influenza A diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Zazueta-García ◽  
Adrian Canizalez-Roman ◽  
Hector Flores-Villaseñor ◽  
Javier Martínez-Garcia ◽  
Alejandro Llausas-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Introduction: The influenza A virus is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in children and adults worldwide. Thus, a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnosis tool is required. Methodology: An immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and a lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay were compared with RT-PCR for detection of the influenza A virus in 113 nasopharyngeal wash samples obtained from pediatric patients. Samples were collected between July and December 2009, during the pandemic outbreak of influenza A H1N1/09. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values obtained for the DFA were 68.97%, 76.63%, 75.47%, and 70%, respectively, while the values obtained for the immunochromatographic assay were 58.62%, 81.82%, 77.27%, and 65.22%, respectively. The frequency of the influenza A virus was 51.33%, and a total of 27 samples were positive for the pandemic influenza A H1N1/09. Conclusions: DFA and the immunochromatographic assay can be important tools for patient care during influenza season and in outbreaks as they usually provide results within 45 minutes. Furthermore, positive results in conjunction with the patient’s symptoms could provide a correct diagnosis, thus facilitating appropriate patient management. Nonetheless, the results of these assays still require confirmation by RT-PCR.

scholarly journals Comparing the Performance of HIV Rapid Diagnostic Tests Used in Zambia: a Systematic Review of Clinical Data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loveness Mukuka ◽  
Andros Theo ◽  
Mowa Zambwe ◽  
Peter J Chipimo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Positive Results

Objective: To investigate the performance of the HIV RDTs used in Zambia. Method: 2,564 participants aged between 15 and 95 years from two sites in Lusaka province years were tested on OraQuick ADVANCE, Abbot Determine, and then confirmed on Uni-Gold Recombigen. The data from the participants were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The 3 RDTs when compared to the 4th generation Abbot Architect results had the following results: OraQuick ADVANCE, Alere Determine and Uni-Gold Ultra, at 95% CI had Sensitivities of: 91.8%, 93.3% and 92.5% respectively. The specificities of OraQuick ADVANCE and Uni-Gold were the same (100.0%; 95% CI: 98.8 -100.0) but slightly different from Alere Determine (99.8%). Positive predictive values at 95% CI were 100% for OraQuick ADVANCE and Uni-Gold and 98.4% for Alere Determine. Negative predictive values (at 95% CIs) were 99.1, 99.2 and 99.1 for OraQuick ADVANCE, Alere Determine, and Uni-Gold Ultra respectively. The results showed that these RDTs could only detect 12 out of every 13 HIV positive results. Conclusion: Third generation RDTs are not effective in detecting acute positive cases. Fourth generation Rapid Tests are required to capture the positive cases being missed out.

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Chrysin against Influenza Virus Replication via Inhibition of Autophagy

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Seong-Ryeol Kim ◽  
Myeong-Seon Jeong ◽  
Seo-Hyeon Mun ◽  
Jaewon Cho ◽  
Min-Duk Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Infected Cells

Influenza viruses cause respiratory infections in humans and animals, which have high morbidity and mortality rates. Although several drugs that inhibit viral neuraminidase are used to treat influenza infections, the emergence of resistant viruses necessitates the urgent development of new antiviral drugs. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid that exhibits antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (EV71) by inhibiting viral 3C protease activity. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of chrysin against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8). Chrysin significantly inhibited A/PR/8-mediated cell death and the replication of A/PR/8 at concentrations up to 2 mM. Viral hemagglutinin expression was also markedly decreased by the chrysin treatment in A/PR/8-infected cells. Through the time course experiment and time-of-addition assay, we found that chrysin inhibited viral infection at the early stages of the replication cycle. Additionally, the nucleoprotein expression of A/PR/8 in A549 cells was reduced upon treatment with chrysin. Regarding the mechanism of action, we found that chrysin inhibited autophagy activation by increasing the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We also confirmed a decrease in LC3B expression and LC3-positive puncta levels in A/PR/8-infected cells. These results suggest that chrysin exhibits antiviral activity by activating mTOR and inhibiting autophagy to inhibit the replication of A/PR/8 in the early stages of infection.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of two surveillance systems in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses. Methods: A modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a new built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) have been used to monitor the viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS is based on monitoring outpatients in two sentinel hospitals to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS is based on monitoring inpatients in all 49 hospitals to detect severe and death influenza cases. Results: During the study period, 3551917 outpatients were monitored by the ISS system, among which 126076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI% of 3.55%. Totally, 14913 throat swabs were collected by the ISS system, among which 2016 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 621 were H3N2, 135 were seasonal H1N1, 610 were influenza A/H1N1 (pandemic in 2009), 106 were untyped influenza A, 540 were B, 1 was H5N6, 1 was H7N9, and 2 were H9N2 virus. 5491560 inpatient people were monitored by the PSS system, among which 6.61% (362743/5491560) were pneumonia cases. 10.55% (38260/362743) of reported pneumonia was severe or death cases. 3401 throat swab or lower respiratory tract samples were collected, among which 2094 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 78 were H3N2, 17 were seasonal H1N1, 1871 were influenza A/H1N1, 103 were untyped influenza A, 16 were B, 1 was H5N6, and 8 were H7N9 virus. Of 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, 26.7% (4/15) were mild cases detected by the ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. Conclusion: The two systems seem to be of high efficiency in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses but need to be verified in other cities or countries.

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