scholarly journals Surface Slip Distribution and Earthquake Rupture Model of the Fuyun Fault, China, Based on High-Resolution Topographic Data

Lithosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (Special 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihan Liang ◽  
Zhanyu Wei ◽  
Wen Sun ◽  
Qitian Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Slip Distribution ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Earthquake Rupture ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract The characteristics of earthquake surface ruptures, such as geometry, slip distribution, and coseismic deformation, contain important information about the earthquake rupture process, and so investigations and analyses of earthquake surface rupture have played a crucial role in modern earthquake hazard studies, especially with the increasing availability of high-resolution topographic and imagery data for tectono-geomorphic interpretation. In this study, we use Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to build a 1 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the fault and combine this with filed observations to map the surface ruptures of the 1931 M8.0 Fuyun earthquake, China. These high-resolution topographic data enable to identify and measure the displaced gullies, and so the rupture locations and along-strike slip distribution are obtained in detail. Four paleoearthquake events are identified through the offset cluster characteristics. The coseismic offset of the 1931 Fuyun earthquake is extracted from the offset distribution, which shows four continuous undulations along the fault strike, corresponding to the four segments of surface rupture. Moreover, a high offset gradient is observed in the step area connected by the rupture segment. These findings, combined with the width and bending angle of the step area at the joint of the rupture segment, indicate that the 1931 Fuyun earthquake was a cascade rupture formed by four rupture segments. This study expands the available offset measurement data of Fuyun fault and confirms the applicability of high-resolution topographic data to active tectonic research.

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Development of surface ruptures by hanging-wall extension over a thrust ramp along the Ragged Mountain fault, Katalla, Alaska, USA: Applications of high-resolution three-dimensional terrain models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Heinlein ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Digital Elevation Model ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Elevation Model

<div>Video S1: Grayscale digital elevation model generated from high-resolution lidar data illustrating surface expressions at the 1 m to tens of meters scale. Video S2: False-color digital elevation model generated from high-resolution lidar data illustrating surface expressions at the 1 m to tens of meters scale.<br></div>

scholarly journals Supplemental Material: Development of surface ruptures by hanging-wall extension over a thrust ramp along the Ragged Mountain fault, Katalla, Alaska, USA: Applications of high-resolution three-dimensional terrain models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Heinlein ◽  
et al.
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Digital Elevation Model ◽  
Hanging Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Elevation Model

<div>Video S1: Grayscale digital elevation model generated from high-resolution lidar data illustrating surface expressions at the 1 m to tens of meters scale. Video S2: False-color digital elevation model generated from high-resolution lidar data illustrating surface expressions at the 1 m to tens of meters scale.<br></div>

FAULT SLIP DISTRIBUTION ALONG THE SOUTHERN 15 KM OF THE M7.1 RIDGECREST EARTHQUAKE SURFACE RUPTURE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinan O. Akciz ◽  
◽  
Salena Padilla ◽  
James F. Dolan ◽  
Alex E. Hatem
Keyword(s):  
Fault Slip ◽  
Slip Distribution ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Fault Slip Distribution

scholarly journals Data-Driven Intelligent 3D Surface Measurement in Smart Manufacturing: Review and Outlook

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yuhang Yang ◽  
Zhiqiao Dong ◽  
Yuquan Meng ◽  
Chenhui Shao
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Surface

High-fidelity characterization and effective monitoring of spatial and spatiotemporal processes are crucial for high-performance quality control of many manufacturing processes and systems in the era of smart manufacturing. Although the recent development in measurement technologies has made it possible to acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface measurement data, it is generally expensive and time-consuming to use such technologies in real-world production settings. Data-driven approaches that stem from statistics and machine learning can potentially enable intelligent, cost-effective surface measurement and thus allow manufacturers to use high-resolution surface data for better decision-making without introducing substantial production cost induced by data acquisition. Among these methods, spatial and spatiotemporal interpolation techniques can draw inferences about unmeasured locations on a surface using the measurement of other locations, thus decreasing the measurement cost and time. However, interpolation methods are very sensitive to the availability of measurement data, and their performances largely depend on the measurement scheme or the sampling design, i.e., how to allocate measurement efforts. As such, sampling design is considered to be another important field that enables intelligent surface measurement. This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art research in interpolation and sampling design for surface measurement in varied manufacturing applications. Research gaps and future research directions are also identified and can serve as a fundamental guideline to industrial practitioners and researchers for future studies in these areas.

scholarly journals Surface-Rupturing Historical Earthquakes in Australia and Their Environmental Effects: New Insights from Re-Analyses of Observational Data

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
King ◽  
Quigley ◽  
Clark
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surface Rupture ◽  
Secondary Fracture ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Surface Ruptures ◽  
Strong Control

We digitize surface rupture maps and compile observational data from 67 publications on ten of eleven historical, surface-rupturing earthquakes in Australia in order to analyze the prevailing characteristics of surface ruptures and other environmental effects in this crystalline basement-dominated intraplate environment. The studied earthquakes occurred between 1968 and 2018, and range in moment magnitude (Mw) from 4.7 to 6.6. All earthquakes involved co-seismic reverse faulting (with varying amounts of strike-slip) on single or multiple (1–6) discrete faults of ≥ 1 km length that are distinguished by orientation and kinematic criteria. Nine of ten earthquakes have surface-rupturing fault orientations that align with prevailing linear anomalies in geophysical (gravity and magnetic) data and bedrock structure (foliations and/or quartz veins and/or intrusive boundaries and/or pre-existing faults), indicating strong control of inherited crustal structure on contemporary faulting. Rupture kinematics are consistent with horizontal shortening driven by regional trajectories of horizontal compressive stress. The lack of precision in seismological data prohibits the assessment of whether surface ruptures project to hypocentral locations via contiguous, planar principal slip zones or whether rupture segmentation occurs between seismogenic depths and the surface. Rupture centroids of 1–4 km in depth indicate predominantly shallow seismic moment release. No studied earthquakes have unambiguous geological evidence for preceding surface-rupturing earthquakes on the same faults and five earthquakes contain evidence of absence of preceding ruptures since the late Pleistocene, collectively highlighting the challenge of using mapped active faults to predict future seismic hazards. Estimated maximum fault slip rates are 0.2–9.1 m Myr-1 with at least one order of uncertainty. New estimates for rupture length, fault dip, and coseismic net slip can be used to improve future iterations of earthquake magnitude—source size—displacement scaling equations. Observed environmental effects include primary surface rupture, secondary fracture/cracks, fissures, rock falls, ground-water anomalies, vegetation damage, sand-blows / liquefaction, displaced rock fragments, and holes from collapsible soil failure, at maximum estimated epicentral distances ranging from 0 to ~250 km. ESI-07 intensity-scale estimates range by ± 3 classes in each earthquake, depending on the effect considered. Comparing Mw-ESI relationships across geologically diverse environments is a fruitful avenue for future research.

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