Estimating Ultralow Permeability at Multiple Locations Using Simultaneous-Impulse Tests: A Fit-for-Purpose Pressure-Transient Solution and Its Field Application

SPE Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 1184-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lang Zhan ◽  
Phil S. Fair ◽  
Robert J. Dombrowski ◽  
Edwin N. Quint ◽  
Richard Cao
Keyword(s):  
Data Interpretation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Flow ◽  
Transient Solution ◽  
Pressure Transient ◽  
Permeability Distribution ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
In Situ Permeability ◽  
Ultralow Permeability

Summary One of the major challenges in efficiently developing ultratight or shale reservoirs is to obtain reliable permeability distribution. Ultralow permeability and very strong stratification or heterogeneity in the formations require conducting long-duration tests at multiple locations in a well to attain a complete reservoir characterization. Because of these characteristics, existing tools or methods that work well for conventional reservoirs are usually not applicable for ultralow-permeability formations. An innovative reservoir-monitoring/testing tool system was developed and successfully applied to fields in both the United States and Canada (Zhan et al. 2016). The tool created multiple pressure pulses at targeted locations simultaneously along monitoring wells for zonal in-situ permeability estimations as well as long-term formation-pressure monitoring. Existing pressure-transient solutions are incapable of handling the measured data when potential zonal-pressure interferences appear. A fit-for-purpose pressure solution, the associated optimization algorithm, and a suitable data-interpretation work flow were developed to analyze the data whenever commercial software tools are inadequate. The new solution fully considers all impulses as well as potential interferences among them through suitable superposition. In-situ permeability values at all involved zones can be obtained through a combination of individual-impulse analyses and systematic multiple-impulse inversions. The new pressure-transient solution was verified through comprehensive synthetic cases using numerical simulations. The results show that the solution can handle either fully or partially open wellbores in each zone and properly considers crossflow between formation layers. In addition, it allows any number of perforated intervals and formation layers where the number of perforated intervals is fewer than that of the formation layers. Field examples demonstrate the applicability of the new solution and the data-interpretation work flow to formation permeability down to tens of nanodarcies. The detailed zonal-permeability distribution in the formation enables a more-representative reservoir model for better hydraulic-fracturing design and field-development optimization.

Industry Payments to Plastic Surgeons: What Has Changed Over the Last Six-Years Following Implementation of the Physician Payment Sunshine Act?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland W Pettit ◽  
Jordan Kaplan ◽  
Matthew M Delancy ◽  
Edward Reece ◽  
Sebastian Winocour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Physician Payment ◽  
The Past ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Open Payments

Abstract Background The Open Payments Program, as designated by the Physician Payments Sunshine Act is the single largest repository of industry payments made to licensed physicians within the United States. Though sizeable in its dataset, the database and user interface are limited in their ability to permit expansive data interpretation and summarization. Objectives We sought to comprehensively compare industry payments made to plastic surgeons with payments made to all surgeons and all physicians to elucidate industry relationships since implementation. Methods The Open Payments Database was queried between 2014 and 2019, and inclusion criteria were applied. These data were evaluated in aggregate and for yearly totals, payment type, and geographic distribution. Results 61,000,728 unique payments totaling $11,815,248,549 were identified over the six-year study period. 9,089 plastic surgeons, 121,151 surgeons, and 796,260 total physicians received these payments. Plastic surgeons annually received significantly less payment than all surgeons (p=0.0005). However, plastic surgeons did not receive significantly more payment than all physicians (p = 0.0840). Cash and cash equivalents proved to be the most common form of payment; Stock and stock options were least commonly transferred. Plastic surgeons in Tennessee received the most in payments between 2014-2019 (mean $ 76,420.75). California had the greatest number of plastic surgeons to receive payments (1,452 surgeons). Conclusions Plastic surgeons received more in industry payments than the average of all physicians but received less than all surgeons. The most common payment was cash transactions. Over the past six years, geographic trends in industry payments have remained stable.

Can in situ geochemical measurements be more fit-for-purpose than those made ex situ?

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Ramsey ◽  
Katy A. Boon
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ ◽  
Fit For Purpose

scholarly journals Description and Derived Climatologies of Automated In Situ Eddy-Dissipation-Rate Reports of Atmospheric Turbulence

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1416-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Sharman ◽  
L. B. Cornman ◽  
G. Meymaris ◽  
J. Pearson ◽  
T. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Turbulence ◽  
Dissipation Rate ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Aircraft ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Obvious Benefit ◽  
Turbulence Data

AbstractThe statistical properties of turbulence at upper levels in the atmosphere [upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS)] are still not well known, partly because of the lack of adequate routine observations. This is despite the obvious benefit that such observations would have for alerting aircraft of potentially hazardous conditions, either in real time or for route planning. To address this deficiency, a research project sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration has developed a software package that automatically estimates and reports atmospheric turbulence intensity levels (as EDR ≡ ε1/3, where ε is the energy or eddy dissipation rate). The package has been tested and evaluated on commercial aircraft. The amount of turbulence data gathered from these in situ reports is unprecedented. As of January 2014, there are ~200 aircraft outfitted with this system, contributing to over 137 million archived records of EDR values through 2013, most of which were taken at cruise levels of commercial aircraft, that is, in the UTLS. In this paper, techniques used for estimating EDR are outlined and comparisons with pilot reports from the same or nearby aircraft are presented. These reports allow calibration of EDR in terms of traditionally reported intensity categories (“light,” “moderate,” or “severe”). The results of some statistical analyses of EDR values are also presented. These analyses are restricted to the United States for now, but, as this program is expanded to international carriers, such data will begin to become available over other areas of the globe.

scholarly journals International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere: An International Polar Year Legacy Consortium

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taneil Uttal ◽  
Sandra Starkweather ◽  
James R. Drummond ◽  
Timo Vihma ◽  
Alexander P. Makshtas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Network Measurements ◽  
International Polar ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Arctic Atmosphere

Abstract International Arctic Systems for Observing the Atmosphere (IASOA) activities and partnerships were initiated as a part of the 2007–09 International Polar Year (IPY) and are expected to continue for many decades as a legacy program. The IASOA focus is on coordinating intensive measurements of the Arctic atmosphere collected in the United States, Canada, Russia, Norway, Finland, and Greenland to create synthesis science that leads to an understanding of why and not just how the Arctic atmosphere is evolving. The IASOA premise is that there are limitations with Arctic modeling and satellite observations that can only be addressed with boots-on-the-ground, in situ observations and that the potential of combining individual station and network measurements into an integrated observing system is tremendous. The IASOA vision is that by further integrating with other network observing programs focusing on hydrology, glaciology, oceanography, terrestrial, and biological systems it will be possible to understand the mechanisms of the entire Arctic system, perhaps well enough for humans to mitigate undesirable variations and adapt to inevitable change.

Interpretation of Permanent Well Monitoring Data to Improve Characterization of a Giant Oil Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Christian Walker ◽  
Anton Shchipanov ◽  
Harald Selseng
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Characterization ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Interference Analysis ◽  
Pressure Transient ◽  
Pressure Transients ◽  
Reservoir Simulations ◽  
Production History ◽  
Fault Leakage ◽  
Fit For Purpose

Abstract The Johan Sverdrup field located on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) started its production in October 2019. The field is considered as a pivotal development in the view of sustainable long-term production and developments on the NCS as well as creating jobs and revenue. The field is operated with advanced well and reservoir surveillance systems including Permanent Downhole Gauges (PDG), Multi-Phase Flow-Meters (MPFM) and seismic Permanent Reservoir Monitoring (PRM). This provides an exceptional basis for reservoir characterization and permanent monitoring. This study focuses on reservoir characterization to improve evaluations of sand permeability-thickness and fault transmissibility. Permanent monitoring of the reservoir with PDG / MPFM has provided an excellent basis for applying different methods of Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) including analysis of well interference and time-lapse PTA. Interpretation of pressure transient data is today based on both analytical and numerical reservoir simulations (fit-for-purpose models). In this study, such models of the Johan Sverdrup reservoir regions have been assembled, using geological and PVT data, results of seismic interpretations and laboratory experiments. Uncertainties in these data were used to guide and frame the scope of the study. The interference analysis has confirmed communication between the wells located in the same and different reservoir regions, thus revealing hydraulic communication through faults. Sensitivities using segment reservoir simulations of the interference tests with different number of wells have shown the importance of including all the active wells, otherwise the interpretation may give biased results. The estimates for sand permeability-thickness as well as fault leakage obtained from the interference analysis were further applied in simulations of the production history using the fit-for-purpose reservoir models. The production history contains many pressure transients associated with both flowing and shut-in periods. Time-lapse PTA was focused on extraction and history matching of these pressure transients. The simulations have provided reasonable match of the production history and the time-lapse pressure transients including derivatives. This has confirmed the results of the interference analysis for permeability-thickness and fault leakage used as input for these simulations. Well interference is also the dominating factor driving the pressure transient responses. Drainage area around the wells is quickly established for groups of the wells analyzed due to the extreme permeability of the reservoir. It was possible to match many transient responses with segment models, however mismatch for some wells can be explained by the disregard of wells outside the segments, especially injectors. At the same time, it is a useful indication of communication between the regions. The study has improved reservoir characterization of the Johan Sverdrup field, also contributing to field implementation of combined PTA methods.

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