A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) IN AVIATION WITH A FOCUS ON THE SAFETY LEVEL

Safety is generally characterised as the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable consequences. One effective way of achieving it is to implement a safety management system (SMS). SMS should be seen as an aggregate strategic aspect of standard business management, understanding its high priority to safety. This article describes and illustrates SMS in aviation, focusing on the similarities and differences in the system approaches adopted by selected Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) with the primary focus on the safety level. The main goal is to provide a structural comparison of the system framework within individual CAAs and its explanation in safety-related documents. This article also dealt with the chosen safety approach (reactive, proactive and predictive) and safety performance indicators (SPIs), forming a quality and effective safety system that maintains an acceptable safety level. Finally, this article is mainly based on datasets publicly available through the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Transport Canada, Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia, Federal Aviation Administration, UK Civil Aviation Authority, Civil Aviation Administration of China and Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand websites and documentation related to safety.

Development from Alloys to Nanocomposite for an Enhanced Mechanical and Ignition Response in Magnesium

The current study reports on the evolution of microstructure, variations in compressive properties and the ignition resistance of Mg through compositional variation, using alloying elements and nanoreinforcement. The alloys were designed with the use of a singular alloying element, Ca, and a binary alloying element, Ca+Sc, to develop Mg1Ca (wt.%) and Mg1Ca1Sc (wt.%) alloys. B4C nanoparticles were addedas the reinforcement phase in the Mg1Ca1Sc alloy to create the Mg1Ca1Sc/1.5B4C (wt.%) nanocomposite. The most effective compressive properties and level of ignition resistance was displayed by the developed composite. The grain sizes were significantly reduced in the Mg alloys (81%) and the composite (92%), compared with that of the Mg. Overall, the microstructural features (i.e., grain refinement, the formation of favorable intermetallic compounds, and hard reinforcement particles with an adequate distribution pattern) enhanced both the compressive strength and strain of the alloys and the composite. The ignition resistance was progressively increased from the alloys to the nanocomposite, and a peak ignition temperature of 752 °C was achieved in the composite. When compared with the ignition resistant of Elektron 21 (E21) alloy, which met the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements, the Mg1Ca1Sc/1.5B4C nanocomposite showed a higher specific yield strength and better ignition resistance, asserting it as a potential candidate material for lightweight engineering applications, including aerospace and defense sectors.

IMPLIKASI FENOMENA ALAM DAN MISKOMUNIKASI RADIOTELEPHONY PADA KECELAKAAN PENERBANGAN: KAJIAN AEROLINGUISTIK

Fenomena kecelakaan pesawat terbang disebabkan oleh beragam faktor. Menurut Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ada tiga faktor penyebab kecelakaan, yaitu cuaca (weather) sebesar 13,2 %, armada (pesawat) yang digunakan sebesar 27,1 % dan hampir 66% dari keseluruhan kecelakaan (accidents) maupun insiden (incidents) penerbangan disebabkan manusia (human factors). Kajian Aerolinguistik akan membedah bagaimana faktor cuaca atau fenomena alam dan faktor manusia seperti miskomunikasi radiotelephony menjadi faktor penyebab kecelakaan penerbangan. Miskomunikasi dalam radiotelephony antara pilot dan ATC atau APP dapat dibedah dengan menggunakan kajian Aerolinguistik dengan ICAO Annex dalam aeronautika dan pragmatik dalam linguistik yakni, teori Prinsip Kerja Sama Grice. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kecelakaan pesawat GIA 152 (1997) di Buah Nabar Sumatera Utara dan kecelakaan tabrakan tabrakan pesawat Boeing 747, KLM penerbangan 4805 dan Pan Am penerbangan 1736 (1977) di landasan pacu Bandar Udara Los Rodeos di Tenerife Spanyol, terjadi karena faktor cuaca atau alam dan manusia yakni kesalahpahaman dalam konevrsasi radiotelephony antara pilot, ATC, dan APP.

A carbon dioxide detector fabrication with screen printing technique for use in airplanes

Purpose From the beginning of aviation history, fire has been a serious problem for aircrafts. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference document on current risks and proposed reductions for smoke and fire incidents in commercial transport aircrafts. For this purpose, metal oxide carbon dioxide (CO2) detector was produced with the screen printing technique to detect CO2 and carbon monoxide gases from the sensors required to observe the occurrence of fire that may occur in the aircraft and to take the necessary steps to control it. Design/methodology/approach The screen printing technique was used as the gas sensor production technique for the produced sensor and tin oxide was used as the metal oxide in the produced samples. The samples produced were examined under the gases with specified gas detecting properties, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase the detection reliability and decrease the alarm time with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts. Findings When the electrical characteristics of the sensor made were examined, it was observed that it meets the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and European Aviation Safety Agency standards (the fire should be detected within 1 min), and the false alarm situation experienced in the smoke sensors used today can be eliminated. Originality/value There is no other sensor than the smoke detectors that are used for fire detection in cargo section, lavatories and avionic compartment on aircrafts. With this study, the gas detecting feature of the produced samples was examined under the specified gases, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase detection reliability and decrease alarm time as compared to with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts.

Dynamic Mechanics of Rigid Helicopter Systems During Ditching

Aircraft and helicopter often fly above open waters and thus have to observe regulations to ensure safe water landing under emergency conditions. This practice is also referred to as ditching - one of several types of slamming problems that are under review by the current regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Ditching is related to the controlled landing on water, with distinctive features such as hydrodynamic slamming loads, complex hydromechanics at tremendous forward speeds, as well as the interaction of multiphase fluid dynamics (air, water, and vapor). This paper presents the knowledge on system mechanics during helicopter ditching. The discussion begins with the fundamental kinetics of the rigid body, and then delves into dynamic relations to describe the effect of forces on motions. In the end, the paper discusses several relevant theories to further contribute to the understanding of the problem of impact.

Pavement Data Analytics for Collected Sensor Data

The Federal Aviation Administration instrumented four concrete slabs of a taxiway at the John F. Kennedy International Airport to collect pavement responses under aircraft and environmental loading. The study started with developing preprocessing scripts to organize, structure, and clean the collected data. As a result of the preprocessing step, the data became easier and more intuitive for pavement engineers and researchers to transform and process. After the data were cleaned and organized, they were used to develop two prediction models. The first prediction model employs a Bayesian calibration framework to estimate the unknown material parameters of the concrete pavement. Additionally, the posterior distributions resulting from the calibration process served as a sensitivity analysis by reporting the significance of each parameter for temperature distribution. The second prediction model utilized a machine-learning (ML) algorithm to predict pavement responses under aircraft and environmental loadings. The results demonstrated that ML can predict the responses with high accuracy at a low computational cost. This project highlighted the potential of using ML for future pavement design guidelines as more instrumentation data from future projects are collected to incorporate various material properties and pavement structures.

Human-Centered Drone LED Illumination System: A Proof-of-Concept Prototype

Recent years have seen a rapid increase in drone usage in both commercial and personal use, due to recent changes in guidelines by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). In those guidelines, however, there seems to be very few requirements in terms of illumination requirements, apart from the need to use a visible strob ing anti-collision light for nighttime operations. Hence in this study, wereviewed existing LED illumination systems in off-the-shelf drones to determine what type of configurations they have and how is the LED illumination system generally used. We also introduced a customizable LED illumination system and tested it in a human in the loop study. Our p reliminary findings have revealed that the colors that are preferred by the participants did not match the most used colors in existing LED illumination systems in most off-the-shelf drones. We also observed a possible relationship between the color preferred and the weather conditions.

Effect of Illumination on Human Drone Interaction Tasks: An Exploratory Study

With recent changes by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) opening the possibility of more areas for drones to be used, such as delivery, there will be increasingly more intera ctions between humans and drones soon. Although current human drone interaction (HDI) investigate what factors are necessary for safe interactions, very few has focused on drone illumination. Therefore, in this study, we explored how illumination affects users’ perception of the drone through a distance perception task. Data analysis did not indicate any significant effects in the normal distance estimation task for illumination or distance conditions. However, most participants underestimated the distance in the normal distance estimation task and indicated that the LED drone was closer when it wa s illuminated during the relative distance estimation task, even though the drones were equidistant. In future studies, factors such as the weather conditions, lighting patterns, and height of the drone will be explored.

The requirements for automation systems based on Boeing 737 MAX crashes

Purpose This paper aims to show the current situation and additional requirements for the aircraft automation systems based on the lessons learned from the two 737 MAX crashes. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the Swiss cheese model was used to find the real root causes of the 737 MAX accidents. Then, the results have been compared with the actions taken by the manufacturers and authorities. Based on the comparison, the necessary improvements to prevent such accidents are defined. Regarding the faulty sensor that forms the accidents, a synthetic sensor was developed using an aerodynamic model. Findings It has been proven that the safety-critical automation systems should not be designed by relying on a single set of sensor data. Automation levels should be defined in a standard way. Depending on the defined automation level, the system must be designed as either fail-safe or fail-operational system. When designing backup systems, it should be decided by looking at not only whether it has power but also the accuracy of the incoming signals. Practical implications Aviation certification requirements related to automation systems need to be revised and improved. With this context, it was revealed that the certification processes for automation systems should be re-evaluated and updated by aviation authorities, especially Federal Aviation Administration and European Union Aviation Safety Agency. Originality/value Task sharing between automation system and pilot based on the classification of automation levels and determining certification requirements accordingly has been brought to the agenda. A synthetic Angle of Attack sensor was developed by using an aerodynamic model for fault detection and diagnosis.

GEOMETRIK TEMPAT PARKIR PESAWAT UDARA BANDAR UDARA FATMAWATI SOEKARNO DI KOTA BENGKULU

Flight services at Fatmawati Soekarno Airport, located in Bengkulu City, continue to develop, along with the increasing public need for air transportation. The increasing need for aviation services affects the number and types of aircraft required. Aircraft maneuvering and parking affect the dimensions of the aircraft parking space. In this study, an analysis of the dimensions of the apron at Fatmawati Soekarno Airport was carried out, with a service life of 20 years. The analysis in this study was carried out using the design aircraft B737-900ER. The existing apron dimension lot is 475 m long and 80 m wide. By using the International Civil Aviation Organization method and the Federal Aviation Administration method, to accommodate aircraft movements for the next 20 years, an apron with a length of 475 m and a width of 100 m is required. Thus, the width of the existing apron must be increased by 20 m, in order to be able to serve the B737-900ER aircraft until the service life of the next 20 years. Keywords: airport; flight services; apron; air transport. Abstrak Layanan penerbangan di Bandar Udara Fatmawati Soekarno, yang terletak di Kota Bengkulu, terus mengalami perkembangan, seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat akan transportasi udara. Peningkatan kebutuhan akan layanan penerbangan tersebut memengaruhi jumlah dan jenis pesawat udara yang diperlukan. Pesawat udara yang melakukan manuver dan parkir memengaruhi dimensi tempat parkir pesawat udara. Pada studi ini dilakukan analisis terhadap dimensi tempat parkir pesawat udara di Bandar Udara Fatmawati Soekarno, dengan umur layanan 20 tahun. Analisis pada studi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pesawat udara rencana B737-900ER. Tempat parkir pesawat udara eksisting mempunyai panjang 475 m dengan lebar 80 m. Dengan menggunakan metode International Civil Aviation Organization da metode Federal Aviation Administration, untuk melayani pesawat udara hingga 20 tahun mendatang diperlukan tempat parkir pesawat udara dengan panjang 475 m dan lebar 100 m. Dengan demikian lebar tempat parkir pesawat udara eksisting harus ditambah 20 m, agar dapat melayani pesawat udara tipe B737-900ER hingga umur layanan 20 tahun mendatang. Kata-kata kunci: bandar udara; layanan penerbangan; tempat parkir pesawat udara; transportasi udara.