scholarly journals Trypanosome Infection Rate in Glossina tachinoides: Infested Rivers of Limmu Kosa District Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
behablom meharenet ◽  
Dereje Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Glossina Tachinoides ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Trypanosome Infection Rate

Abstract Objective : Trypanosomosis is a disease of domestic animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted primarily by tsetse flies. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-March 2018, to estimate the infection rate of trypanosome in Glossina tachinoides , their distribution, magnitude and involved trypanosome species in Limmu Kosa District of Jimma zone. Methodology and result : Study methodology involved entomological survey using monoconical traps to study the magnitude of Fly density Flay/Trap/Day (FTD) and tsetse fly dissection to estimate infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies. The study result indicated that there was only one species of Tsetse fly Glossina tachinoides detected with FTD=4.45. From total of (n=284) dissected Glossina tachinoides flies only (n= 5) positive for Trypanosome resulting in 1.76% Infection Rate. Peak trypanosome infections were observed in female tsetse 2.04%, n=4 and 1.14%, n=1 in males. Furthermore, 1.06% Glossina tachinoides were infected by Trypanosome vivax and the remaining 0.70% was Trypanosome congolense . Keywords : Limmu Kosa District, Trypanosome, Infection Rate, Glossina tachinoides

scholarly journals Trypanosome Infection Rate in Glossina tachinoides: Infested Rivers of Limmu Kosa District Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
behablom meharenet ◽  
Dereje Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Glossina Tachinoides ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Trypanosome Infection Rate

Abstract Objective: Trypanosomosis is a disease of domestic animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted primarily by tsetse flies. The study was conducted to estimate the infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies and involved parasite species. Result: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January-March 2018, to study the distribution and infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies and involved parasite species. Study methodology involved entomological survey using monoconical traps to study the magnitude of Fly density Flay/Trap/Day (FTD) and tsetse fly dissection to estimate infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies. The study result indicated that there was only one species of Tsetse fly Glossina tachinoides detected with FTD=4.45. Total of n=284 tsetse flies were dissected and n= 5 positive for Trypanosome resulting in 1.76% Infection Rate. Higher trypanosome infections were observed in female tsetse 1.41%, n=4 and 0.35%, n=1 in males. Furthermore, 1.06% of the trypanosome infections carried by Glossina tachinoides were classified as Trypanosome vivax and the remaining 0.70% was Trypanosome congolense. Keywords: Limmu Kosa District, Trypanosome, Infection Rate, Glossina tachinoides

scholarly journals Trypanosome Infection Rate in Glossina tachinoides: Infested Rivers of Limmu Kosa District Jimma Zone, Western Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behablom Meharenet ◽  
Dereje Alemu
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Glossina Tachinoides ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Western Ethiopia ◽  
Trypanosome Infection Rate

Abstract Objective: Trypanosomosis is a disease of domestic animals and humans resulting from infection with parasitaemic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted primarily by tsetse flies and other hematophagous flies. The study was conducted to estimate the infection rate of trypanosome in vector flies and involved parasite species. Result: The study result indicated that there was only one species of Tsetse fly Glossinatachinoides detected with high Flay/Trap/Day = 4.45. Total of n=284 tsetse flies were dissected and n= 5 positive for Glossinatachinoidesresulting in 1.76% infection rate. Higher trypanosome infections were observed in female tsetse with significant infection rate of 1.41%, n=4 and 0.35%, n=1 in males. Furthermore, 1.06% of the trypanosome infections carried by Glossinatachinoides were classified as Trypanosomavivax and the remaining 0.70% was Trypanosomacongolense.The study confirmed the absence of human trypanosomosis in study area with only identified trypanosome parasites were Trypanosomavivax and Trypanosomacongolense. However, the resulted FTD= 4.45 recommend control and suppression of the vector and parasite is mandatory due to Pathogenic Animal Trypanosomosis.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of   Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with neither age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) nor village (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of northwestern Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies. Methodology We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection status and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results We captured a total of 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females) in the two districts with apparent density (AD) ranging from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day (FTD). 10.7% (29/272) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with district of origin (Generalized linear model (GLM), χ2 = 0.018, P = 0.895, df = 1, n = 272) and sex of the fly (χ2 = 1.723, P = 0.189, df = 1, n = 272). However, trypanosome infection was highly significantly associated with the fly’s age based on wing fray category (χ2 = 22.374, P < 0.001, df = 1, n = 272), being higher among the very old than the young tsetse. Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusios chapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana). Conclusion We found an infection rate of 10.8% in the tsetse sampled, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for AAT. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of control interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent Density, Trypanosome Infection Rates and Host Preference of Tsetse Flies in the Sleeping Sickness Endemic Focus of North-Western Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species, with infection rate significantly associated with age group (χ2 = 29.733, df = 2, p < 0.05) but not with sex (χ2 = 0.43, df = 1, p = 0.835) and district of origin (χ2 = 1.374, df = 1, p = 0.241). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (62.1%), T. congolense (24.14 %), and T. brucei and T. simiae each at 6.89%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found a moderately high infection rate at 10.78%, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more validation using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host preference of tsetse flies in the sleeping sickness endemic focus of Northwestern Uganda

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Robert Opoke ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Esther Nakafu ◽  
Francis A. Oloya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Monitor Lizard

Abstract Background: African trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma and transmitted by the tsetse fly, is a serious parasitic disease of humans and animals. Reliable data on the vector distribution, feeding preference and the trypanosome species they carry is pertinent to planning sustainable control strategies.Methodology: We deployed 109 biconical traps in 10 villages in two districts of northwestern Uganda to obtain information on the apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and blood meal sources of tsetse flies. A subset (272) of the collected samples was analyzed for detection of trypanosomes species and sub-species using a nested PCR protocol based on primers amplifying the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. 34 blood-engorged adult tsetse midguts were analyzed for blood meal sources by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes. Results: Out of the 109 traps deployed, we captured 622 Glossina fuscipes fuscipes tsetse flies (269 males and 353 females). Apparent density (AD) ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 flies/trap/day in the two districts. 29 (10.7%) of the flies were infected with one or more trypanosome species. Infection rate was not significantly associated with age group (χ2 = 5.001, df=2, p = 0.082), sex of the fly (χ2 = 0.099, df = 1, p = 0.753), district of origin (χ2= 0.629, df = 1, p = 0.428) and village of origin (χ2= 9.252, df = 9, p = 0.414). Nested PCR revealed several species of trypanosomes: T. vivax (6.62%), T. congolense (2.57%), T. brucei and T. simiae each at 0.73%. Blood meal analyses revealed five principal vertebrate hosts, namely, cattle (Bos taurus), humans (Homo sapiens), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus), African mud turtle (Pelusio schapini) and the African Savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana).Conclusion: We found an infection rate of 10.78 %, with all infections attributed to trypanosome species that are causative agents for the animal disease only. However, more verification of this finding using large-scale passive and active screening of human and tsetse samples should be done. Cattle and humans appear to be the most important tsetse hosts in the region and should be considered in the design of interventions.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices on African Animal Trypanosomosis and its vectors Among Small-Holder Farmers Neighbouring Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICK KIBICHIY SEREM ◽  
Moses Mukaba Ngari ◽  
Joel Ltilitan Bargul ◽  
Osman Abdikarim Abdullahi ◽  
David Mburu
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background: Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is a disease caused by several protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse fly (genus Glossina). AAT causes massive losses to farmers due to the high cost of control measures and treatment of sick animals. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the local community on tsetse flies and trypanosomosis and evaluate demographic factors associated with adequate knowledge of tsetse flies along Kenya coast. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between November and December 2017 among 404 cattle farmers living near the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve in Kilifi County. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from randomly selected cattle rearing households. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the local community's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding tsetse flies and trypanosomosis, and demographic factors associated with knowledge of tsetse flies were investigated using a logistic regression model.Results: Of 404 study participants, 214 (53%) were female, and 123 (30%) were elderly (>55 years old). Majority (N=312, 77%) were married, and 326 (81%) had only primary education or none at all. Although majority of farmers (N=353, 89%) knew the local name for tsetse fly and that they are about the size of a housefly (N=307, 77%), only 65 (16%) knew they transmit diseases to livestock, with 55/65 (85%) identifying they transmit Nagana disease. Overall, only 16% of the study participants had adequate knowledge on tsetse flies and trypanosomosis. Being 15 to 24 years old (aOR 2.86 (95% CI 1.10–7.45)) compared to those aged >55 years, secondary education (aOR 2.45 (95% CI 1.42–4.21)) and tertiary education level (aOR 3.78 (95% CI 1.53–9.31)) compared to no education were significantly associated with higher odds of tsetse fly adequate knowledge. Unemployment (aOR 0.15 (95% CI 0.10–0.23)) was significantly associated with lower odds of tsetse fly adequate knowledge when compared to self-employment.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that farmers have poor understanding of trypanosomosis and its biological transmission by tsetse flies. Thus, training of livestock farmers will contribute to improved livestock health through better understanding of key livestock diseases, their vectors in transmission, and control.

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