scholarly journals Fluorescent markers rhodamine B and uranine for Anopheles gambiae adults and matings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica i Aviles ◽  
Rachel D Rotenberry ◽  
C Matilda Collins ◽  
Ellen M Dotson ◽  
Mark Q Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Mating Competitiveness ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Auto Fluorescence

Abstract Background Marking mosquitoes is vital for mark-release-recapture and many laboratory studies, but their small size precludes the use of methods that are available for larger animals such as unique identifier tags and radio devices. Fluorescent dust is the most commonly used method to distinguish released individuals from the wild population. Numerous colors and combinations can be used, however, dust sometimes affects longevity and behavior so alternatives that do not have these effects would contribute substantially. Rhodamine B has previously been demonstrated to be useful for marking adult Aedes aegypti males when added to the sugar meal. Unlike dust, this also marked the seminal fluid making it possible to detect matings by marked males in the spermatheca of females. Here we evaluate marking in Anopheles gambiae s. s. with rhodamine B and uranine to estimate their potential contribution. Methods Two fluorescent markers, rhodamine B and uranine, were dissolved in sugar water and fed to adult Anopheles gambiae. Concentrations that are useful for marking individuals and seminal fluid were determined. The effects on adult longevity, the durability of the marking and detection of the marker in mated females was determined. We also evaluated effects on mating competitiveness. Results Rhodamine B marking in adults is detectable for at least three weeks, however uranine marking declines with time and at low doses can be confused with auto-fluorescence. Both can be used for marking seminal fluid which can be detected in females mated by marked males, but, again, at low concentrations uranine-marking is more easily confused with the natural fluorescence of seminal fluid. Neither dye affected mating competitiveness. Conclusions Both markers tested could be useful for field and laboratory studies. Their use has substantial potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the bio-ecology of this important malaria vector. Rhodamine B has the advantage that it appears to be permanent and is less easily confused with auto-fluorescence. The primary limitation of both methods is that sugar feeding is necessary for marking and adults must be held for at least 2 nights to ensure all individuals are marked whereas dusts provide immediate and thorough marking.

scholarly journals Fluorescent markers rhodamine B and uranine for Anopheles gambiae adults and matings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica i Aviles ◽  
Rachel D Rotenberry ◽  
C Matilda Collins ◽  
Ellen M Dotson ◽  
Mark Q Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Mating Competitiveness ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Auto Fluorescence

Abstract Background Marking mosquitoes is vital for mark-release-recapture and many laboratory studies, but their small size precludes the use of methods that are available for larger animals such as unique identifier tags and radio devices. Fluorescent dust is the most commonly used method to distinguish released individuals from the wild population. Numerous colours and combinations can be used, however, dust sometimes affects longevity and behaviour so alternatives that do not have these effects would contribute substantially. Rhodamine B has previously been demonstrated to be useful for marking adult Aedes aegypti males when added to the sugar meal. Unlike dust, this also marked the seminal fluid making it possible to detect matings by marked males in the spermatheca of females. Here, marking of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with rhodamine B and uranine was performed to estimate their potential contribution. Methods Two fluorescent markers, rhodamine B and uranine, were dissolved in sugar water and fed to adult An. gambiae. Concentrations that are useful for marking individuals and seminal fluid were determined. The effects on adult longevity, the durability of the marking and detection of the marker in mated females was determined. Male mating competitiveness was also evaluated.Results Rhodamine B marking in adults is detectable for at least three weeks, however uranine marking declines with time and at low doses can be confused with auto-fluorescence. Both can be used for marking seminal fluid which can be detected in females mated by marked males, but, again, at low concentrations uranine-marking is more easily confused with the natural fluorescence of seminal fluid. Neither dye affected mating competitiveness.Conclusions Both markers tested could be useful for field and laboratory studies. Their use has substantial potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the bio-ecology of this important malaria vector. Rhodamine B has the advantage that it appears to be permanent and is less easily confused with auto-fluorescence. The primary limitation of both methods is that sugar feeding is necessary for marking and adults must be held for at least 2 nights to ensure all individuals are marked whereas dusts provide immediate and thorough marking.

scholarly journals Fluorescent markers rhodamine B and uranine for Anopheles gambiae adults and matings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica i Aviles ◽  
Rachel D Rotenberry ◽  
C Matilda Collins ◽  
Ellen M Dotson ◽  
Mark Q Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.S ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Auto Fluorescence

Abstract Background: Marking mosquitoes is vital for mark-release-recapture and many laboratory studies, but their small size precludes the use of methods that are available for larger animals such as unique identifier tags and radio devices. Fluorescent dust is the most commonly used method to distinguish released individuals from the wild population. Numerous colors and combinations can be used, however, dust sometimes affects longevity and behavior so alternatives that do not have these effects would contribute substantially. Rhodamine B has previously been demonstrated to be useful for marking adult Aedes aegypti males when added to the sugar meal. Unlike dust, this also marked the seminal fluid making it possible to detect matings by marked males in the spermatheca of females. Here we evaluate marking in Anopheles gambiae s.s. with rhodamine B and uranine to estimate their potential contribution. Methods:Two fluorescent markers, rhodamine B and uranine, were dissolved in sugar water and fed to adult Anopheles gambiae. Concentrations that are useful for marking individuals and seminal fluid were determined. The effects on adult longevity, the durability of the marking and detection of the marker in mated females was determined. We also evaluated effects on mating competitiveness.Results:Rhodamine B marking in adults is detectable for at least three weeks, however uranine marking declines with time and at low doses can be confused with auto-fluorescence. Both can be used for marking seminal fluid which can be detected in females mated by marked males, but, again, at low concentrations uranine-marking is more easily confused with the natural fluorescence of seminal fluid. Neither dye affected mating competitiveness.Conclusions:Both markers tested could be useful for field and laboratory studies. Their use has substantial potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the bio-ecology of this important malaria vector. Rhodamine B has the advantage that it appears to be permanent and is less easily confused with auto-fluorescence. The primary limitation of both methods is that sugar feeding is necessary for marking and adults must be held for at least 2 nights to ensure all individuals are marked whereas dusts provide immediate and thorough marking.

scholarly journals Fluorescent markers rhodamine B and uranine for Anopheles gambiae adults and matings

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica I. Aviles ◽  
Rachel D. Rotenberry ◽  
C. Mathilda Collins ◽  
Ellen. M. Dotson ◽  
Mark Q. Benedict
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Fluorescent Markers

scholarly journals Pragmatic selection of larval mosquito diets for insectary rearing of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Q. Benedict ◽  
Catherine M. Hunt ◽  
Michael G. Vella ◽  
Kasandra M. Gonzalez ◽  
Ellen M. Dotson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Survival And Development

AbstractLarval mosquitoes are aquatic omnivorous scavengers which scrape food from submerged surfaces and collect suspended food particles with their mouth brushes. The composition of diets that have been used in insectaries varies widely though necessarily provides sufficient nutrition to allow colonies to be maintained. Issues such as cost, availability and experience influence which diet is selected. One component of larval diets, essential fatty acids, appears to be necessary for normal flight though deficiencies may not be evident in laboratory cages and are likely more important when mosquitoes are reared for release into the field in e.g. mark-release-recapture and genetic control activities.In this study, four diets were compared for rearing Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti, all of which provide these essential fatty acids. Two diets were custom formulations specifically designed for mosquitoes (Damiens) and two were commercially available fish foods: Doctors Foster and Smith Koi Staple Diet and TetraMin Plus Flakes. Development rate, survival, dry weight and adult longevity of mosquitoes reared with these four diets were measured. The method of presentation of one diet, Koi pellets, was additionally fed in two forms, pellets or a slurry, to determine any effect of food presentation on survival and development rate.While various criteria might be selected to choose ‘the best’ food, the readily-available Koi pellets resulted in development rates and adult longevity equal to the other diets, high survival to the adult stage and, additionally, this is available at low cost.

scholarly journals Application of fluorescent markers for homogeneity assessment of grain mixtures based on maize content

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika B. Matuszek ◽  
Krystian Wojtkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Rhodamine B ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fluorescent Substance ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Fluorescent Method ◽  
Homogeneity Assessment ◽  
Funnel Flow ◽  
Conventional Manner

Abstract The paper presents test results for the assessment of the tracer content in a three-component (green peas, sorghum, maize) feed mixture that is based on the fluorescent method. The homogeneity of mixtures was determined on the basis of the maize content (as the key component), which was treated with fluorescent substance: tinopal, rhodamine B, uranine and eosin. The key components were wet-treated with fluorescent substances with different concentrations. Feed components were mixed in a vertical funnel-flow mixer. 10 samples were collected from each mixed batch. Samples were placed in a chamber equipped with UV light and, then, an image recorded as BMP file was generated. The image was analysed by means of the software programme Patan. On the basis of the analyses conducted, data on the maize content marked with a fluorescent marker were obtained. Additionally, the content of the key component was determined in a conventional manner – using an analytical scale. Results indicate the possibility of using this method for homogeneity assessment of the three-component grain mixture. From these tests, fluorescent substances that can be applied in the case of maize as a key component, together with their minimum concentrations, were identified: tinopal 0.3%, rhodamine B 0.001%.

scholarly journals Survivorship of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in irrigated sugarcane plantation scheme in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Hawaria ◽  
Solomon Kibret ◽  
Assalif Demissew ◽  
Arega Tsegaye ◽  
Denekew Bitew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Water Resource Development ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Pupation Rate ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background To ensure food security, sub-Saharan Africa has initiated massive water resource development projects, such as irrigated agriculture, in recent years. However, such environmental modifications affect the survivorship and development of mosquitoes, which are vectors of different diseases. This study aimed at determining the effects of irrigation practices on development and survivorship of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Ethiopia. Methods A life table experiment was conducted to examine the effect of environmental modification on survivorship of both immature and adult An. gambiae s.l. in irrigated and non-irrigated areas. The pupation rate and development time of the immatures and adult longevity and fecundity were compared between the two settings. Results The estimated mean survival time of female An. gambiae s.l. in the irrigated and non-irrigated areas was 37.9 and 31.3 days, respectively. A survival analysis showed that adult females of An. gambiae s.l. placed in an irrigated area lived significantly longer than those in a non-irrigated area (χ2 = 18.3, df = 1, P <0.001), and An. gambiae s.l. females lived significantly longer than males in both areas (P < 0.001). Conclusions Adult An. gambiae s.l. survivorship was found to be enhanced in the irrigated area compared to non-irrigated area. Longer survival of adult mosquitoes in irrigated areas could have important implications for vectorial capacity and hence malaria transmission.

Laboratory Studies on the Bionomics of the Rat Fleas, Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker and X. cheopis, Roths

1947 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Edney
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Adult Flea

1. The paper describes work carried out to find the causes of certain discrepancies in the results of longevity experiments on rat-fleas.2. The following factors were found to reduce significantly the survival period of unfed adult fleas:—Rearing larvae together rather than in separate tubes; Parent fleas over 11 days old; Using very fine rather than coarse sand as a matrix for larval food; Drying the blood for larval food by baking rather than in a vacuum over sulphuric acid at room temperature.3. The following factors were found to have no significant effect upon adult longevity:—Contamination of larval food by mice and their droppings;Presence or absence of adult flea faeces in larval food.4. The effect upon the weight of larvae and the duration of the larval period of some of the above-mentioned factors is described. The female larval period is shown to be shorter than that of the male under all conditions used.5. It is confirmed that there is no significant difference between the longevity of male and female adults which have fed once or not at all, and that females which have fed frequently before starvation live longer than males.6. Well developed, unfed, laboratory-bred adult fleas live longer than those which have fed once before starvation, and the latter live longer than those which have fed several times.7. There is some evidence that unfed wild-caught fleas live longer than wildcaught fleas which have fed, but this needs confirmation.8. All the available information regarding factors affecting adult longevity is summarised in a table.

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