scholarly journals Associations Between the Size of Individual Plantar Intrinsic and Extrinsic Foot Muscles and Toe Flexor Strength

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Kusagawa ◽  
Toshiyuki Kurihara ◽  
Sumiaki Maeo ◽  
Takashi Sugiyama ◽  
Hiroaki Kanehisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Abductor Hallucis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Toe Flexor Strength ◽  
Flexor Digitorum ◽  
Flexor Strength ◽  
Adductor Hallucis

Abstract Background The size of the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles has been shown to be associated with toe flexor strength (TFS). Previous studies adopted the size of a limited plantar intrinsic foot muscle or a compartment containing several muscles as an independent variable for TFS. Among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, therefore, it is unclear which muscle(s) primarily contributes to TFS development. The present study aimed to clarify this subject. Methods In 17 young adult men, a series of anatomical cross-sectional area of individual plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles was obtained along the foot length and the lower leg length, respectively, using the magnetic resonance imaging. Maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and muscle volume (MV) for each constituent muscle of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis brevis; flexor digitorum brevis, FDB; abductor hallucis; adductor hallucis oblique head, ADDH-OH; adductor hallucis transverse head, ADDH-TH; abductor digiti minimi; quadratus plantae) and extrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis longus; flexor digitorum longus) were measured. TFS was measured with a toe grip dynamometry. Results TFS was significantly associated with the ACSAmax for each of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.674, p = 0.003), ADDH-TH (r = 0.523, p = 0.031), and FDB (r = 0.492, p = 0.045), and the MV of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.582, p = 0.014). As for the ADDH-OH, the correlation coefficient with TFS was not statistically different between ACSAmax and MV (p = 0.189). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that ACSAmax and MV of the ADDH-OH alone explained 42% and 29%, respectively, of the variance in TFS. Conclusion The ADDH-OH is the key muscle that primarily contributes to TFS development among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles.

Heterogeneous atrophy occurs within individual lower limb muscles during 60 days of bed rest

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 1545-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Miokovic ◽  
Gabriele Armbrecht ◽  
Dieter Felsenberg ◽  
Daniel L. Belavý
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Flexor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lateral Gastrocnemius ◽  
Flexor Digitorum

To better understand disuse muscle atrophy, via magnetic resonance imaging, we sequentially measured muscle cross-sectional area along the entire length of all individual muscles from the hip to ankle in nine male subjects participating in 60-day head-down tilt bed rest (2nd Berlin BedRest Study; BBR2–2). We hypothesized that individual muscles would not atrophy uniformly along their length such that different regions of an individual muscle would atrophy to different extents. This hypothesis was confirmed for the adductor magnus, vasti, lateral hamstrings, medial hamstrings, rectus femoris, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, peroneals, and tibialis anterior muscles ( P ≤ 0.004). In contrast, the hypothesis was not confirmed in the soleus, adductor brevis, gracilis, pectineus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles ( P ≥ 0.20). The extent of atrophy only weakly correlated ( r = −0.30, P < 0.001) with the location of greatest cross-sectional area. The rate of atrophy during bed rest also differed between muscles ( P < 0.0001) and between some synergists. Most muscles recovered to their baseline size between 14 and 90 days after bed rest, but flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and lateral gastrocnemius required longer than 90 days before recovery occurred. On the basis of findings of differential atrophy between muscles and evidence in the literature, we interpret our findings of intramuscular atrophy to reflect differential disuse of functionally different muscle regions. The current work represents the first lower-limb wide survey of intramuscular differences in disuse atrophy. We conclude that intramuscular differential atrophy occurs in most, but not all, of the muscles of the lower limb during prolonged bed rest.

Correlates of ultrasound cross-sectional area of abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
P. Latey ◽  
J. Burns ◽  
E. Nightingale ◽  
J. Clarke ◽  
C. Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Abductor Hallucis ◽  
Cross Sectional

Influence of electrical stimulation on a fast-twitch muscle in aging rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1921-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Walters ◽  
H. L. Sweeney ◽  
R. P. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Flexor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Flexor Digitorum ◽  
Fast Twitch

Recently we observed that the flexor digitorum longus muscle of the Fischer 344 rat, which is comprised primarily of type IIb muscle, does not change in size, fiber type, or physiological characteristics during senescence [Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Cell Physiol. 27): C1031-C1035, 1990]. This muscle was utilized to determine whether a predominantly fast-twitch glycolytic muscle would respond to tonic electrical stimulation (ES) with the same degree of fiber-type transformation in aging and young rats. The extent of transformation was quantified by measuring the contractile and metabolic properties, as well as the fiber-type composition, of the flexor digitorum longus muscle after ES (10 Hz, 8 h/day) imposed on the tibial nerve for periods of 0–90 days in young adult (YG; 6–8 mo), middle-aged (MA; 16–18 mo), and senescent (SN; 26–28 mo) male Fischer 344 rats. Although ES induced a IIb-to-IIa fiber-type shift in all groups, in the SN rats the shift was significantly less pronounced at the intermediate time points and remained incomplete after 90 days, compared with YG and MA rats. ES resulted in a reduction in tetanic tension (Po), which in the YG and MA rats was due to a reduction in muscle cross-sectional area. In the SN rats the reduced Po was due to a combined loss of cross-sectional area and specific tension (Po, N/cm2). Contraction and half-relaxation times were largely unaffected by ES, and maximal velocity of unloaded shortening declined throughout ES in all groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Does Function Determine the Structure? Changes in Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle and the Associated Performance Related to Dance Modality: A Cross-Sectional Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Blanca De-la-Cruz-Torres ◽  
Irene Barrera-García-Martín ◽  
Mónica De la Cueva-Reguera ◽  
María Bravo-Aguilar ◽  
María Blanco-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Longus Muscle

Background and Objectives: Flexor hallucis longus pathology is one of the most common conditions of the ankle and foot in dancers, due to the high demand of dance movements performed in an extreme plantar flexion and dorsiflexion range of motion. The objectives of this study were to determine the bilateral differences between the thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle in dancers, to establish possible differences between dance modalities, and to analyze whether there is a correlation between ultrasonographic parameters or performance variables and the dance modality. Material and Methods: A sample of 50 (29 classical and 21 contemporary) full-time pre-professional female dancers were included in the study. The thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle were evaluated for both limbs using ultrasound imaging. The range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was measured using functional extension with maximal ankle plantarflexion, balance was measured in a unilateral stance with the heel raised, endurance was evaluated through a modified heel rise fatigue test, and a counter movement jump to assess the vertical jump performance was measured bilaterally. Results: There were no significant differences recorded between the dominant and non-dominant limbs for each variable, within both groups. Contemporary dancers showed a greater thickness and cross-sectional area of the flexor hallucis longus muscle than classical dancers. However, classical dancers showed an increase of balance, endurance, range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and counter movement jump with respect to contemporary dancers. Conclusion: Bilateral symmetry was identified in all variables for both groups. The size and performance of the flexor hallucis longus muscle may be influenced by the specific nature of dance modality.

scholarly journals Changes in the Cross-Sectional Area of the Abductor Hallucis During the Toe-Spread-Out Exercise at Different Ankle Positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Seong-Tae Kang ◽  
Sun-Young Kang ◽  
Ki-Song Kim ◽  
In-Cheol Jeon ◽  
Sung-Dae Choung
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Abductor Hallucis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross

scholarly journals Gastrocnemius Medialis Muscle Geometry and Extensibility in Typically Developing Children and Children With Spastic Paresis Aged 6–13 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Weide ◽  
Peter A. Huijing ◽  
Lynn Bar-On ◽  
Lizeth Sloot ◽  
Annemieke I. Buizer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Geometry ◽  
Spastic Paresis

Gait of children with spastic paresis (SP) is frequently characterized by a reduced ankle range of motion, presumably due to reduced extensibility of the triceps surae (TS) muscle. Little is known about how morphological muscle characteristics in SP children are affected. The aim of this study was to compare gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle geometry and extensibility in children with SP with those of typically developing (TD) children and assess how GM morphology is related to its extensibility. Thirteen children with SP, of which 10 with a diagnosis of spastic cerebral palsy and three with SP of unknown etiology (mean age 9.7 ± 2.1 years; GMFCS: I–III), and 14 TD children (mean age 9.3 ± 1.7 years) took part in this study. GM geometry was assessed using 3D ultrasound imaging at 0 and 4 Nm externally imposed dorsal flexion ankle moments. GM extensibility was defined as its absolute length change between the externally applied 0 and 4 Nm moments. Anthropometric variables and GM extensibility did not differ between the SP and TD groups. While in both groups, GM muscle volume correlated with body mass, the slope of the regression line in TD was substantially higher than that in SP (TD = 3.3 ml/kg; SP = 1.3 ml/kg, p &lt; 0.01). In TD, GM fascicle length increased with age, lower leg length and body mass, whereas in SP children, fascicle length did not correlate with any of these variables. However, the increase in GM physiological cross-sectional area as a function of body mass did not differ between SP and TD children. Increases in lengths of tendinous structures in children with SP exceeded those observed in TD children (TD = 0.85 cm/cm; SP = 1.16 cm/cm, p &lt; 0.01) and even exceeded lower-leg length increases. In addition, only for children with SP, body mass (r = −0.61), height (r = −0.66), muscle volume (r = − 0.66), physiological cross-sectional area (r = − 0.59), and tendon length (r = −0.68) showed a negative association with GM extensibility. Such negative associations were not found for TD children. In conclusion, physiological cross-sectional area and length of the tendinous structures are positively associated with age and negatively associated with extensibility in children with SP.

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