Relationship of Internet gaming disorder with psychopathology and social adaptation in Italian young adults

Abstract Background: When the Internet becomes the only interest in an individual's life and everything else is emptied of importance, the isolation in which the subject closes again produces consequences not only from a psychological but also physical and social point of view. The purpose of this study was: a) to investigate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among Italian young adults, b) to explore the associations between the former and psychopathological symptoms, and c) to explore its consequences in social functioning. Methods: The sample included 566 young adults, 324 males and 242 females, aged between 18 and 35 years (M = 22.74; SD = 4.83). They were asked to state their favourite games choice and were administered a demographic questionnaire, the APA symptom checklist based on the diagnostic criteria of IGD in the DSM-5, the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form (IGD9-SF), the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90 R) and the Social Adaptation Self Evaluation Scale (SASS). Results: The different game types used are distributed as follows: MMORPG (35.7%), flash games (20.3%), multiplayer games (27%), online gambling (9.9%), other games (6.5% ). The results of the study showed high use of videogames (95% of the sample), but low incidence of Internet Gaming Disorder in young adults. Thirty subjects (20 male and 10 female) on 566 (5.3% of the sample) matched five or more criteria for clinical diagnosis of IGD. The data showed a positive correlation between use of online games (total score IGD9-SF), the higher the levels of depression (r = .501), anxiety (r = .361) and psychoticism (r = .431) and the lower the family and extra-family relationships (r = -.383). The linear regression analysis showed that somatization (p = .002), depression (p = .000) and sleep disturbances (p = .003) are predictive variables of internet gaming disorder. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to make a diagnosis of "online gaming addiction" as "independent disorder" to be included in future categorizations according to DSM-5, compared to other addictive behaviors.

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Spanish Validation of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF): Prevalence and Relationship with Online Gambling and Quality of Life

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17051562 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 1562 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marta Beranuy ◽

Juan M. Machimbarrena ◽

M. Asunción Vega-Osés ◽

Xavier Carbonell ◽

Mark D. Griffiths ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Online Gambling ◽

The Internet ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

Spanish Validation

Online gaming is a very common form of leisure among adolescents and young people, although its excessive and/or compulsive use is associated with psychological impairments in a minority of gamers. The latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5, Section III) tentatively introduced Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Since then, a number of evaluation tools using the DSM-5 criteria have been developed, including the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF). The main objective of this study was to translate and adapt the IGDS9-SF into Spanish, as well as to obtain indicators relating to its validity and reliability. The Spanish version of four scales were administered: IGDS9-SF, Mobile Phone-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERM), Online Gambling Disorder Questionnaire (OGD-Q), and KIDSCREEN-27. The sample comprised 535 Vocational Training students (mean age 18.35 years; SD±2.13; 78.5% males) who reported playing video games in the past 12 months. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a one-dimensional model with a good fit while the reliability indicators were satisfactory. Findings indicated that 1.9% of gamers were classified with IGD (meeting five or more criteria for more than 12 months). Additionally, another 1.9% were considered gamers ‘at-risk’ because they endorsed four criteria. Positive and significant relationships were found between the IGDS9-SF, the CERM, and the OGD-Q. Participants classified with IGD had poorer health-related quality of life. In conclusion, the Spanish IGDS9-SF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IGD according to the DSM-5.

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Relationship of Internet Gaming Disorder with Psychopathology and Social Adaptation in Italian Young Adults

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17218201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 8201

Author(s):

Concetta De Pasquale ◽

Federica Sciacca ◽

Valentina Martinelli ◽

Matteo Chiappedi ◽

Carmela Dinaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Young Adults ◽

Family Relationships ◽

Short Form ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

Symptom Checklist ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming

Internet addiction is currently considered a worldwide problem, with a possible impact on mental health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) among Italian young adults and to explore its association with psychopathological symptoms. Our sample included 566 young adults (324 males/242 females; age: 22.74 ± 4.83 years). Participants were asked to state their favorite games and complete the following questionnaires: the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form (IGD9-SF); the APA symptom checklist, based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for IGD; the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90 R); and the Social Adaptation Self Evaluation Scale (SASS). Use of video games was common among study participants (95% of the sample). Thirty subjects (5.3% of the sample) matched criteria for a clinical diagnosis of IGD. Data showed a positive correlation between higher use of online games and higher levels of depression (r = 0.501), anxiety (r = 0.361) and psychoticism (r = 0.431), and lower family and extra-family relationships (r = −0.383). At linear regression analysis, somatization (p = 0.002), depression (p = 0.001) and sleep disturbances (p = 0.003) were predictors of IGD diagnosis. IGD was significantly associated to mental health distress. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the problematic consequences of online gaming.

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Corrigendum to “Evaluation of the diagnostic criteria of Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 among young adults in Taiwan” [J Psychiat Res 53 (2014) 103–110]

Journal of Psychiatric Research ◽

10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 57 ◽

pp. 185 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chih-Hung Ko ◽

Ju-Yu Yen ◽

Sue-Huei Chen ◽

Peng-Wei Wang ◽

Cheng-Sheng Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Diagnostic Criteria ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Internet Gaming

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Psychometric Properties of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF): Systematic Review (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.26821 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lok Y J Poon ◽

Hector W H Tsang ◽

Tsan Y J Chan ◽

Sze W T Man ◽

Lok Y Ng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Factor Structure ◽

English Language ◽

Short Form ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Measurement Instrument ◽

The Internet ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming

BACKGROUND The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) is among the best with regard to its psychometric properties. Therefore, clinical psychologists are likely guided to use the IGDS9-SF if they want to assess or screen the disordered gaming in their practice. However, the information, especially psychometric evidence, concerning the IGDS9-SF has not been fully examined and summarized. OBJECTIVE This systematic review evaluated the psychometric properties of different language versions of the IGDS9-SF and assessed its methodological quality in order to improve the clinicians’ understanding of the IGDS9-SF and facilitate its use. METHODS Systematic literature searches were carried out using Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review included English-language studies of any research design that have reported at least one psychometric property of the IGDS9-SF, as defined by the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstrument (COSMIN), and have aimed at testing the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF. RESULTS In total, 21 studies comprising 15 language versions of the IGDS9-SF were included. Overall, the IGDS9-SF showed adequate internal consistency (although some items did not have satisfactory item-total correlation [IT]), excellent criterion validity, and the ability to distinguish different subgroups with measurement invariance being supported across gender and age. In terms of factor structure, the IGDS9-SF was shown to have a unidimensional factor structure across all 21 studies. CONCLUSIONS Although there is insufficient evidence regarding the responsiveness and properties of the IGDS9-SF using item response theory, the existing evidence supports its use in assessing disordered gaming among individuals.

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Diagnostic Contribution of the DSM-5 Criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.777397 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tao Luo ◽

Dan Wei ◽

Jiangfan Guo ◽

Maorong Hu ◽

Xuelin Chao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Culture ◽

Short Form ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Conditional Inference ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

School Students ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Internet Gaming

Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) can have long-term severe consequences in affected individuals, especially adolescents and young people. Empirical studies of IGD using the DSM-5 criteria are still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of specific criteria to the diagnosis of IGD based on the DSM-5 in the context of Chinese culture.Methods: The Chinese version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form (IGDS9-SF) was applied to investigate the prevalence of IGD in a general sample of 28,689 middle school students aged 12–19 years from two cities in China.Results: The prevalence of IGD was 4.6% among this adolescent sample. The group of IGD students reported longer weekly gaming times and worse academic performance than the group of non-IGD students. Although “preoccupation” and “playing to escape” were the most frequently reported criteria, the conditional inference trees showed that “give up other activities,” ‘negative consequences,” and “continue despite problems” contributed most to the diagnosis of IGD based on the DSM-5.Conclusions: The prevalence of IGD among Chinese adolescents (ages 12–19) was 4.6%. This study provides evidence for retaining or deleting specific diagnostic criteria by the DSM framework in the future.

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Validity, functional impairment and complications related to Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 and gaming disorder in the ICD-11

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0004867419881499 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (7) ◽

pp. 707-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chih-Hung Ko ◽

Huang-Chi Lin ◽

Pai-Cheng Lin ◽

Ju-Yu Yen

Keyword(s):

Diagnostic Accuracy ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

International Classification Of Diseases ◽

The Internet ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Functional Impairments ◽

Dsm 5 ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

Delayed Sleep Phase

Background: Many concerns have been raised regarding the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) criteria for Internet gaming disorder and International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11) criteria for gaming disorder. Aims: In this study, we demonstrated the diagnostic validity of each criterion for Internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 in terms of their intensity and frequency thresholds and evaluated functional impairments, unhealthy behaviors and complications among adults with Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder. Methods: We recruited 69 subjects with Internet gaming disorder, 69 regular gamers and 69 controls without regular gaming based on diagnostic interviewing conducted by a psychiatrist according to the DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder criteria. Results: Except for the ‘deceiving’ and ‘escapism’ criteria, all criteria for Internet gaming disorder had a diagnostic accuracy ranging from 84.7% to 93.5% in differentiating between adults with Internet gaming disorder and regular gamers. A total of 44 participants with Internet gaming disorder (63.8%) fulfilled the gaming disorder criteria. In addition, 89% and 100% of the Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder groups, respectively, had academic, occupational or social functional impairment. Both the Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder groups had higher rates of delayed sleep phase syndrome and insomnia. The gaming disorder group also had a higher obesity proportion. Conclusion: The ‘deceiving’ and ‘escapism’ criteria had relatively lower diagnostic accuracy. Both the Internet gaming disorder and gaming disorder groups demonstrated functional impairments and unhealthy behaviors. They also exhibited complications, such as obesity and sleep disorders. These results support the utility of the DSM-5 Internet gaming disorder and ICD-11 gaming disorder criteria in identifying individuals who need treatment for both gaming addiction symptoms and complications resulting from the addiction.

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New Concepts, Old Known Issues

Gaming and Technology Addiction ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-0778-9.ch040 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 883-898

Author(s):

Halley M Pontes ◽

Mark D. Griffiths

Keyword(s):

American Psychiatric Association ◽

Short Form ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

The Internet ◽

Gaming Addiction ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

New Concepts ◽

New Instruments ◽

Formal Recognition

Background: Following the growing concern about ‘gaming addiction', the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and numerous scholars have suggested the need for unification and consensus for the assessment of gaming addiction, which is now possible given the recent formal recognition of ‘Internet Gaming Disorder' (IGD) by the APA since its inclusion in the DSM-5. Aims: In light of this, the aim of this chapter is to present the main findings concerning the development of the Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20 Test) and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), two newly developed psychometric tools aimed to measure the extent of gaming disorder in online and/or offline players. Conclusions: The present findings support the viability of the two newly developed measures as adequate standardized psychometrically robust tools for assessing internet gaming disorder. Consequently, the new instruments represent the first step towards unification and consensus in the field of gaming studies.

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Loot boxes in Spanish adolescents and young adults: Relationship with internet gaming disorder and online gambling disorder

Computers in Human Behavior ◽

10.1016/j.chb.2021.107012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107012

Author(s):

Joaquín González-Cabrera ◽

Aránzazu Basterra-González ◽

Irene Montiel ◽

Esther Calvete ◽

Halley M. Pontes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Gambling Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Adolescents And Young Adults ◽

Online Gambling ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming

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Spanish Validation and Scoring of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale - Short-Form (IGDS9-SF)

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2020.26 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Iván Sánchez-Iglesias ◽

Mónica Bernaldo-de-Quirós ◽

Francisco J. Labrador ◽

Francisco J. Estupiñá Puig ◽

Marta Labrador ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Health ◽

Selection Process ◽

Short Form ◽

Internet Gaming Disorder ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

Spanish Version ◽

The Internet ◽

Gaming Disorder ◽

Internet Gaming ◽

Spanish Validation

Abstract Since the inclusion of the Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (DSM-5), the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF), a short nine items test, has become one of the most used standardized instruments for its psychometric evaluation. This study presents a validation and psychometric evaluation of the Spanish version of the IGDS9-SF. A sample of 2173 videogame players between 12 and 22 years old, comprising both genders, was employed, achieved with a randomized selection process from educational institutions in the city of Madrid. Participants completed the adapted version of the IGDS9-SF, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and a negative cognitions scale associated with videogame use, as well as sociodemographic data and frequency of videogame play. A unifactorial structure with sufficient reliability and internal consistency was found through exploratory and confirmatory analyses. In addition, the instrument was found to have good construct validity; the scoring of the IGDS9-SF were found to show a positive association with gaming frequency, with general health problems, and to a greater extent, with problematic cognitions with regard to videogames. Factorial invariance was found concerning the age of participants. However, even though the factorial structure was consistent across genders, neither metric nor scalar invariance were found; for this reason, we present a scale for the whole sample and a different one for gender. These results suggest that this Spanish version of the IGDS9-SF is a reliable and valid instrument, useful to evaluate the severity of IGD in Spanish students, and we provide a scoring scale for measurement purposes.

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