scholarly journals Drivers of Past and Predicted Changes of Rainfall in and Around Mainland Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Skliris ◽  
Robert Marsh ◽  
Ivan D. Haigh ◽  
Melissa Wood ◽  
Joel Hirschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Rain Gauge Data ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Gauge Data

Abstract Observational rain gauge/satellite and reanalysis datasets since the 1950s are evaluated for trends in mean and extreme rainfall over Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Rain gauge data indicate strong increases exceeding 50% in both annual mean precipitation and various extreme precipitation indices over Vietnam and the northwestern part of the peninsula since 1979. Increasing precipitation in MSEA is associated with increased monsoon intensity in southeast Asia and a northward shift of the monsoon activity centre towards MSEA over 1979-2018. Re-analysis data reveal warming-driven increases in evaporation over the seas adjacent to MSEA, including the main oceanic source regions feeding precipitation over the peninsula - the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the South China Sea. Furthermore, moisture budget analysis based on the ERA5 re-analysis also showed increasing oceanic moisture transport along the typical winter and summer moisture pathways towards the MSEA. However, the majority of the increased moisture from these oceanic sources ends up as summer precipitation over the oceanic regions adjacent to the MSEA. In contrast, the ERA5 data do reveal pronounced increases in winter precipitation over the MSEA, in accordance with rain-gauge data, that are associated with increased transport of moisture that originated from the western tropical Pacific and the South China Sea. Long-term amplification of the regional hydrological cycle is further investigated, through analysis of CMIP5 coupled climate models in historical and RCP4.5/8.5 21st century scenario simulations. The CMIP5 ensemble mean shows robust wide-spread trends in wet season precipitation with increasing frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events over the MSEA, following strong increases in evaporation in the oceanic moisture sources.

The origin of late Cenozoic magmatism in the South China Sea and Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengping Qian ◽  
Esteban Gazel ◽  
Alexander R. L. Nichols ◽  
Hao Cheng ◽  
Le Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Late Cenozoic ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Cenozoic Magmatism

State Practices in Southeast Asia: Possible Collaboration amongst Claimants in the South China Sea Dispute

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Havas Oegroseno
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Coral Triangle ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Territorial Sovereignty ◽  
Straits Of Malacca

This article considers the prospects for cooperation between the claimants in the South China Sea dispute. A number of reasons are provided to explain why the likelihood of resolving the dispute over territorial sovereignty is slim. Nonetheless, such disagreements need not stand in the way of managing the South China Sea dispute. In this regard, inspiration is sought in other practices in Southeast Asia where joint activities are conducted in areas where not all maritime boundaries and sovereignty disputes have been settled. These practices are (1) the management of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, and (2) the Coral Triangle Initiative. The author suggests that China and the asean member states should gain first-hand information about these practices with a view to establishing comparable joint activities in the South China Sea.

scholarly journals The Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zahirovic ◽  
M. Seton ◽  
R. D. Müller
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Subduction Zone ◽  
South China ◽  
Subduction Zones ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Plate Boundaries ◽  
Plate Model ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea

Abstract. Tectonic reconstructions of Southeast Asia have given rise to numerous controversies that include the accretionary history of Sundaland and the enigmatic tectonic origin of the proto-South China Sea. We assimilate a diversity of geological and geophysical observations into a new regional plate model, coupled to a global model, to address these debates. Our approach takes into account terrane suturing and accretion histories, the location of subducted slabs imaged in mantle tomography in order to constrain the evolution of regional subduction zones, as well as plausible absolute and relative plate velocities and tectonic driving mechanisms. We propose a scenario of rifting from northern Gondwana in the latest Jurassic, driven by northward slab pull from north-dipping subduction of Tethyan crust beneath Eurasia, to detach East Java, Mangkalihat, southeast Borneo and West Sulawesi blocks that collided with a Tethyan intra-oceanic subduction zone in the mid-Cretaceous and subsequently accreted to the Sunda margin (i.e., southwest Borneo core) in the Late Cretaceous. In accounting for the evolution of plate boundaries, we propose that the Philippine Sea plate originated on the periphery of Tethyan crust forming this northward conveyor. We implement a revised model for the Tethyan intra-oceanic subduction zones to reconcile convergence rates, changes in volcanism and the obduction of ophiolites. In our model the northward margin of Greater India collides with the Kohistan–Ladakh intra-oceanic arc at ∼53 Ma, followed by continent–continent collision closing the Shyok and Indus–Tsangpo suture zones between ∼42 and 34 Ma. We also account for the back-arc opening of the proto-South China Sea from ∼65 Ma, consistent with extension along east Asia and the formation of supra-subduction zone ophiolites presently found on the island of Mindoro. The related rifting likely detached the Semitau continental fragment from South China, which accreted to northern Borneo in the mid-Eocene, to account for the Sarawak Orogeny. Rifting then re-initiated along southeast China by 37 Ma to open the South China Sea, resulting in the complete consumption of proto-South China Sea by ∼17 Ma when the collision of the Dangerous Grounds and northern Palawan blocks with northern Borneo choked the subduction zone to result in the Sabah Orogeny and the obduction of ophiolites in Palawan and Mindoro. We conclude that the counterclockwise rotation of Borneo was accommodated by oroclinal bending consistent with paleomagnetic constraints, the curved lithospheric lineaments observed in gravity anomalies of the Java Sea and the curvature of the Cretaceous Natuna paleo-subduction zone. We complete our model by constructing a time-dependent network of topological plate boundaries and gridded paleo-ages of oceanic basins, allowing us to compare our plate model evolution to seismic tomography. In particular, slabs observed at depths shallower than ∼1000 km beneath northern Borneo and the South China Sea are likely to be remnants of the proto-South China Sea basin.

scholarly journals Beyond Brinkmanship: The Implication of South China Sea Conflicts on China’s Soft Power in Southeast Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Randy Wirasta Nandyatama
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Hard Power

While contemporary scholarly literatures on South China Sea conflicts have been dominated by hard power calculations, some other aspects remain under-researched. Rather underplayed in the existing literature is the question on the political implication of the conflicts on China’s soft power in the region. In responding to this issue, this article tries to carefully investigate the nature of the China’s soft power and the linkage between the increasing Chinese assertive measures in the South China Sea and the foundation of China’s soft power in the region. Through some cases of China’s skirmishes with Southeast Asian countries on the South China Sea between 2009 and 2012, this article argues that Beijing’s increasing hard power measures have induced growing threat perceptions in the region. This very context not only signals a distinct dissonance of Beijing’s image in Southeast Asia but also creates surging discontents and rejections to China’s role and political position in the region. Ultimately, China’s perceived inappropriate hard power measures affect its soft power, particularly in eroding the reputation of being a benign political entity as its source of soft power in Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals Dinamika Persenjataan di Asia Tenggara, 2010-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Iwan Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
Military Capability ◽  
China Sea

States, however, are still the main actors in International Relations. Although the Cold War had formally ended in 1991, as a matter of fact, the military competition still exists, including at the regional level. This article attempts to analyze the arms dynamic in Southeast Asia during the 2010-2015 periods. By using three models – action-reaction model, the domestic structure model, and the technological imperative – simultaneously and analyzing the data published by both the IISS and SIPRI, this study shows that conflict in the South China Sea had been the primary motive of several countries in increasing their military spending and enhancing their military capabilities, both qualities as well as quantities. Several countries accelerating their military strength had been Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. However, Singapore had been the leading actor that has significant efforts in strengthening its military power. Relizing the difficulty to identify the actual motives of these several countries enlarging their hard power, the author argues that, within this arms dynamic, there is also a possibility or even the long-term tendency in terms of arms race as long as these major actors that relates directly to the South China Sea territorial conflict are not able carefully to maintain their security dilemma and perceived threats.  Kata Kunci: Arms dynamic, Southeast Asia, military capability

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