Measurement of Rate Constants of Elementary Gas Reactions of Importance to Upper Atmosphere and Combustion Systems

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Kaufman

The paper reports determinations of rate constants for the physical deactivation of O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) by gases present in the atmosphere. A modified discharge-flow technique was employed, and relative concentrations of O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) were measured by a photoionization method. The rate constants for the process O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) ) + M → O 2 + M (1) were ≤1.1 x 10 -19 , ≤ 2.1 x 10 -19 , ~2.4 x 10 -18 , ~3.9 x 10 -18 , ~ 1.5 x 10 -17 (cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ) for M = N 2 , Ar, O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O respectively. The rate constant for quenching by dry air was measured directly to be 4.3 ± 0.7 x 10 -19 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; this value is consistent with the most recent estimate based on [O 2 ( 1 Δ g )] in the upper atmosphere (3.5 ±1.0 x 10 -19 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; W. F. J. Evans, private communication). Wall deactivation efficiencies varied from 1.2 x 10 -5 to 2.3 x 10 -5 .


Author(s):  
Z. L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley

Studying the behavior of surfaces at high temperatures is of great importance for understanding the properties of ceramics and associated surface-gas reactions. Atomic processes occurring on bulk crystal surfaces at high temperatures can be recorded by reflection electron microscopy (REM) in a conventional transmission electron microscope (TEM) with relatively high resolution, because REM is especially sensitive to atomic-height steps.Improved REM image resolution with a FEG: Cleaved surfaces of a-alumina (012) exhibit atomic flatness with steps of height about 5 Å, determined by reference to a screw (or near screw) dislocation with a presumed Burgers vector of b = (1/3)<012> (see Fig. 1). Steps of heights less than about 0.8 Å can be clearly resolved only with a field emission gun (FEG) (Fig. 2). The small steps are formed by the surface oscillating between the closely packed O and Al stacking layers. The bands of dark contrast (Fig. 2b) are the result of beam radiation damage to surface areas initially terminated with O ions.


Author(s):  
Richard E. Hartman ◽  
Roberta S. Hartman ◽  
Peter L. Ramos

The action of water and the electron beam on organic specimens in the electron microscope results in the removal of oxidizable material (primarily hydrogen and carbon) by reactions similar to the water gas reaction .which has the form:The energy required to force the reaction to the right is supplied by the interaction of the electron beam with the specimen.The mass of water striking the specimen is given by:where u = gH2O/cm2 sec, PH2O = partial pressure of water in Torr, & T = absolute temperature of the gas phase. If it is assumed that mass is removed from the specimen by a reaction approximated by (1) and that the specimen is uniformly thinned by the reaction, then the thinning rate in A/ min iswhere x = thickness of the specimen in A, t = time in minutes, & E = efficiency (the fraction of the water striking the specimen which reacts with it).


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document